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Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

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Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
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Preparation and Reactions of Thiols02:33

Preparation and Reactions of Thiols

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Thiols are prepared using the hydrosulfide anion as a nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction with alkyl halides. For instance, bromobutane reacts with sodium hydrosulfide to give butanethiol.
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Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis01:07

Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis

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Aminolysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, where ammonia or amines act as nucleophiles to give the substitution product. Acid halides react with ammonia, primary amines, and secondary amines to yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amides, respectively.
In the first step of the aminolysis mechanism, the amine attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, the carbonyl group is re-formed with the elimination of a chloride...
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Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

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Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
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Conversion of Alcohols to Alkyl Halides02:48

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This lesson delves into the conversion of alcohols to corresponding alkyl halides and the mechanism of action for different reagents. Typically, the hydroxyl group is first protonated to convert it to a stable leaving group. Consequently, based on the starting alcohol, the mechanism undergoes either of the nucleophilic substitution routes, SN1 or SN2. Tertiary alkyl halides are made using the two-step SN1 mechanism that occurs via a carbocation intermediate, which is stabilized by...
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Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines01:30

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines

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Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...
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Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of ChalcogenidoplumbatesII or IV
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Solution processing of chalcogenide materials using thiol-amine "alkahest" solvent systems.

Carrie L McCarthy1, Richard L Brutchey

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA. brutchey@usc.edu.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|April 26, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Low-temperature solution processing using novel "alkahest" mixtures enables efficient, affordable semiconductor fabrication for macroelectronic applications. This method yields high-purity chalcogenide thin films from diverse bulk precursors.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science and Engineering
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Electronics and Electrical Engineering

Background:

  • Macroelectronics, crucial for large-area applications like displays and solar cells, demands efficient and cost-effective semiconductor processing.
  • Low-temperature solution processing presents a promising avenue due to its mild conditions, reduced equipment costs, and potential for high-throughput fabrication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the advancements in using binary "alkahest" mixtures for the solution processing of inorganic materials.
  • To explore the scope of this method for creating functional chalcogenide thin films for various electronic applications.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing binary "alkahest" mixtures (ethylenediamine and short-chain thiols) to dissolve bulk inorganic materials into molecular inks.
  • Solution processing of these inks followed by mild annealing to recover phase-pure crystalline chalcogenide thin films.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the straightforward recovery of phase-pure crystalline chalcogenide thin films from a wide range of bulk precursors (>65 identified).
  • Highlighted the applicability of this method for photovoltaic devices, electrocatalysts, photodetectors, thermoelectrics, and nanocrystal ligand exchange.

Conclusions:

  • The "alkahest" method offers a versatile toolbox for developing new routes to functional chalcogenide materials for macroelectronics.
  • Future research should focus on understanding dissolution/recovery mechanisms and expanding the library of precursors and recoverable materials.