Molecular evolution of biomembranes: structural equivalents and phylogenetic precursors of sterols

Derivatives of one triterpene family, the hopane family, are widely distributed in prokaryotes; they may be localized in membranes, playing there the same role as sterols play in eukaryotes, as a result of their similar size, rigidity, and amphiphilic character. Their biosynthesis embodies many primitive features compared to that of sterols and could have evolved toward the latter once aerobic conditions had been established. Membrane reinforcement appears to be achieved in other prokaryotes by other mechanisms, involving either approximately 40-A-long rigid hydrocarbon chains terminated by one polar group acting like a peg through the double-layer or similar chains terminated by two polar groups acting like tie-bars across the membrane. These inserts can be tetraterpenes (e.g., carotenoids). The biophysical function of membrane optimizers appears to have evolved toward sterols by changes limited to only a few enzymatic steps of the same fundamental biosynthetic processes.