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Related Concept Videos

Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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Overview of Metabolism01:40

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Living cells constantly carry out various chemical reactions which are necessary for their proper functioning. These reactions are interlinked to one another via multiple pathways. The collection of these chemical reactions is known as metabolism.
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A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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Though evaporation from plant leaves drives transpiration, it also results in loss of water. Because water is critical for photosynthetic reactions and other cellular processes, evolutionary pressures on plants in different environments have driven the acquisition of adaptations that reduce water loss.
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Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 3, 2026

Mitochondrial Ca2+ Retention Capacity Assay and Ca2+-triggered Mitochondrial Swelling Assay
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Chronic mitochondrial calcium elevation suppresses leaf senescence.

Shijuan Fu1, Luhua Li1, Huimin Kang1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China; College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China.

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
|April 27, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Mitochondria calcium overload can trigger cell death, but a novel signaling complex involving Calmodulin (CaM), Arabidopsis thaliana Bcl-2-associated athanogene 5 (AtBAG5), and Heat-shock cognate 70 protein (Hsc70) in mitochondria suppresses leaf senescence.

Keywords:
BAG proteinCalciumCalmodulinHeat-shock proteinMitochondriaSenescence

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Mitochondrial calcium (Ca2+) overload is a known cell death inducer.
  • Leaf senescence is a complex developmental process influenced by various cellular signals.
  • Understanding the role of mitochondria in senescence is crucial for plant physiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of a novel signaling complex in Arabidopsis thaliana mitochondria.
  • To determine how mitochondria Ca2+ levels influence leaf senescence.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanism linking mitochondrial Ca2+ to senescence suppression.

Main Methods:

  • Identification and characterization of a signaling complex (Calmodulin, AtBAG5, Hsc70) within Arabidopsis mitochondria.
  • Analysis of gain- and loss-of-function AtBAG5 mutant plants.
  • Assay of dark-induced leaf senescence, measuring chlorophyll retention and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels.

Main Results:

  • A signaling complex of Calmodulin (CaM), Arabidopsis thaliana Bcl-2-associated athanogene 5 (AtBAG5), and Heat-shock cognate 70 protein (Hsc70) was identified in Arabidopsis mitochondria.
  • Mitochondrial Ca2+ elevation in AtBAG5 mutants significantly increased chlorophyll retention during dark-induced leaf senescence.
  • Mitochondrial Ca2+ elevation decreased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels in these senescence assays.

Conclusions:

  • A novel mitochondrial signaling complex transduces Ca2+ elevations to suppress leaf senescence.
  • Chronic mitochondrial Ca2+ elevation reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, thereby inhibiting leaf senescence.
  • This finding offers a new perspective on the dual role of mitochondria Ca2+ in plant cell fate.