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Beyond the "Bereitschaftspotential": Action preparation behind cognitive functions.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Motor Control

Background:

  • Motor-related brain activity, known as the readiness potential, is measurable 1-3 seconds before voluntary actions.
  • Traditionally, this potential was linked solely to motor preparation and increased excitability in motor areas.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the complex cognitive processes occurring before voluntary actions.
  • To investigate how factors like action complexity, meaning, and consequences influence preparatory brain activity.
  • To compare preparation processes in self-paced versus externally-triggered actions, considering age, exercise, and task instructions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of electrophysiological recordings (e.g., electroencephalography) and neuroimaging studies.
  • Analysis of research on both self-paced and externally-triggered action paradigms.

Main Results:

  • Preparatory brain activity encompasses more than just motor preparation, involving diverse cognitive processes.
  • Action characteristics (complexity, emotional valence, consequences) significantly modulate preparatory activity.
  • Differences in preparation are observed based on age, physical exercise, and task instructions, particularly in externally-triggered paradigms.

Conclusions:

  • Action preparation is a complex cognitive-motor process involving prefrontal, parietal, and sensory cortices alongside motor areas.
  • These preparatory activities help anticipate future events and calibrate responses.
  • Understanding these processes is crucial for a comprehensive view of voluntary action.