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Caffeine, coffee, and appetite control: a review
Matthew M Schubert1, Christopher Irwin2, Rebekah F Seay1
1a Department of Kinesiology , Auburn University at Montgomery , Montgomery , AL , USA.
Coffee and caffeine may suppress appetite acutely when consumed before meals. However, their long-term effects on energy intake, gut hormones, and appetite perception require further investigation.
Area of Science:
- Nutrition Science
- Human Physiology
- Dietary Habits
Background:
- Coffee and caffeine are globally popular dietary components.
- Their precise impact on energy intake, gut function, and appetite remains incompletely understood.
- Existing research presents conflicting findings regarding these effects.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review and synthesize current evidence on the influence of coffee and caffeine on energy intake and appetite regulation.
- To assess the impact on food consumption, gastric emptying, appetite hormones, and subjective appetite perceptions.
Main Methods:
- A comprehensive literature review was conducted.
- Studies examining the effects of caffeine and coffee on energy intake, gastric emptying, appetite hormones, and perceptual measures of appetite were analyzed.
Main Results:
- Coffee consumed 3-4.5 hours before a meal showed minimal impact on subsequent food and macronutrient intake.
- Caffeine ingested 0.5-4 hours prior to a meal demonstrated a potential to suppress acute energy intake.
- Evidence concerning the effects of caffeine and coffee on gastric emptying, appetite hormones, and appetite perceptions was found to be equivocal.
Conclusions:
- Caffeine may offer short-term appetite suppression, but its overall role in energy intake control is not definitively established.
- Further controlled studies are necessary to clarify the influence of coffee and caffeine, considering factors like individual genetic variations in caffeine metabolism and bitter taste sensitivity.
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