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Caffeine, coffee, and appetite control: a review.

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Coffee and caffeine may suppress appetite acutely when consumed before meals. However, their long-term effects on energy intake, gut hormones, and appetite perception require further investigation.

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Area of Science:

  • Nutrition Science
  • Human Physiology
  • Dietary Habits

Background:

  • Coffee and caffeine are globally popular dietary components.
  • Their precise impact on energy intake, gut function, and appetite remains incompletely understood.
  • Existing research presents conflicting findings regarding these effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and synthesize current evidence on the influence of coffee and caffeine on energy intake and appetite regulation.
  • To assess the impact on food consumption, gastric emptying, appetite hormones, and subjective appetite perceptions.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature review was conducted.
  • Studies examining the effects of caffeine and coffee on energy intake, gastric emptying, appetite hormones, and perceptual measures of appetite were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Coffee consumed 3-4.5 hours before a meal showed minimal impact on subsequent food and macronutrient intake.
  • Caffeine ingested 0.5-4 hours prior to a meal demonstrated a potential to suppress acute energy intake.
  • Evidence concerning the effects of caffeine and coffee on gastric emptying, appetite hormones, and appetite perceptions was found to be equivocal.

Conclusions:

  • Caffeine may offer short-term appetite suppression, but its overall role in energy intake control is not definitively established.
  • Further controlled studies are necessary to clarify the influence of coffee and caffeine, considering factors like individual genetic variations in caffeine metabolism and bitter taste sensitivity.