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Updated: Mar 3, 2026
Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
Published on: January 29, 2018
Effect of parity on bone mineral density: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Seung Yeon Song1, Yejee Kim1, Hyunmin Park1
1Evidence Based Research Lab. Department of Health, Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, College of Pharmacy, South Korea.
Introduction:
Parity has been suggested as a possible factor affecting bone health in women. However, study results on its association with bone mineral density are conflicting.
Methods:
PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and Korean online databases were searched using the terms "parity" and "bone mineral density", in May 2016. Two independent reviewers extracted the mean and standard deviation of bone mineral density measurements of the femoral neck, spine, and total hip in nulliparous and parous healthy women.
Results:
Among the initial 10,146 studies, 10 articles comprising 24,771 women met the inclusion criteria. The overall effect of parity on bone mineral density was positive (mean difference=5.97mg/cm2; 95% CI 2.37 to 9.57; P=0.001). The effect appears site-specific as parity was not significantly associated with the bone mineral density of the femoral neck (P=0.09) and lumbar spine (P=0.17), but parous women had significantly higher bone mineral density of the total hip compared to nulliparous women (mean difference=5.98mg/cm2; 95% CI 1.72 to 10.24; P=0.006). No obvious heterogeneity existed among the included studies (femoral neck I2=0%; spine I2=31%; total hip I2=0%).
Conclusion:
Parity has a positive effect on bone in healthy, community-dwelling women and its effect appears site-specific.
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