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Related Concept Videos

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition01:11

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition

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Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles. However, nucleophilic aromatic substitutions can be forced under certain conditions, such as high temperatures or strong bases. The mechanism of substitution under such conditions involves the highly unstable and reactive benzyne intermediate. Benzyne contains equivalent carbon centers at both ends of the triple bond, each of which is equally susceptible to nucleophilic attack. This 50–50 distribution of products is...
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Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Addition–Elimination (SNAr)01:30

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Nucleophilic substitution in aromatic compounds is feasible in substrates bearing strong electron-withdrawing substituents positioned ortho or para to the leaving group. The reaction proceeds via two steps: the addition of the nucleophile and the elimination of the leaving group.
The reaction begins with an attack of the nucleophile on the carbon that holds the leaving group. This results in the delocalization of the π electrons over the ring carbons. The resonance interaction between...
5.0K
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Aryldiazonium Salts: Aromatic SN101:14

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Aryldiazonium Salts: Aromatic SN1

2.8K
Treating arylamines with nitrous acid gives aryldiazonium salts that are effective substrates in nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions. The diazonio group in these salts can be easily displaced by different nucleophiles, yielding a wide variety of substituted benzenes. The leaving group departs as nitrogen gas, and this easy elimination is the driving force for the substitution reaction.
In the Sandmeyer reaction, for example, the diazonio group is replaced by a chloro, bromo,...
2.8K
Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Mechanism01:26

Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Mechanism

4.2K
The Hofmann and Curtius rearrangement reactions can be applied to synthesize primary amines from carboxylic acid derivatives such as amides and acyl azides. In the Hofmann rearrangement, a primary amide undergoes deprotonation in the presence of a base, followed by halogenation to generate an N-haloamide. A second proton abstraction produces a stabilized anionic species, which rearranges to an isocyanate intermediate via an alkyl group migration from the carbonyl carbon to the neighboring...
4.2K
Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility01:34

Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility

4.1K
Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...
4.1K
Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Overview01:07

Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Overview

3.8K
In the presence of an aqueous base and a halogen, primary amides can lose the carbonyl (as carbon dioxide) and undergo rearrangement to form primary amines. This reaction, called the Hofmann rearrangement, can produce primary amines (aryl and alkyl) in high yields without contamination by secondary and tertiary amines.
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Preparation of a Corannulene-functionalized Hexahelicene by CopperI-catalyzed Alkyne-azide Cycloaddition of Nonplanar Polyaromatic Units
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Strategy for Conditional Orthogonal Sequential CuAAC Reactions Using a Protected Aromatic Ynamine.

Marine Z C Hatit1, Ciaran P Seath1, Allan J B Watson1

  • 1Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde , Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.

The Journal of Organic Chemistry
|April 29, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel method for controlling sequential copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions. A silyl protecting group enables selective reactions with different alkynes, offering precise control in complex molecular systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Synthetic Methodology

Background:

  • Copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) is a cornerstone of click chemistry.
  • Controlling sequential CuAAC reactions in systems with multiple reactive sites remains a challenge.
  • Aromatic ynamines offer unique reactivity but require careful management for selective transformations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a method for conditional and orthogonal control of sequential CuAAC reactions.
  • To enable selective ligation in complex multialkyne and multi-azide systems.
  • To provide a unifying strategy for chemoselective CuAAC reactions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a silyl protecting group to modulate the reactivity of aromatic ynamines.
  • Implementing in situ silyl deprotection to trigger subsequent CuAAC reactions.
  • Applying the developed method to dialkyne systems for orthogonal sequential reactions.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated selective CuAAC reaction of less reactive alkynes using protected ynamines.
  • Achieved selective CuAAC reaction of the protected ynamine via in situ deprotection.
  • Established complete orthogonal control over sequential CuAAC reactions in dialkyne systems.

Conclusions:

  • The developed method offers precise conditional control over sequential CuAAC reactions.
  • This strategy provides a unifying approach for chemoselective ligations in complex systems.
  • The use of silyl protecting groups on ynamines enhances synthetic versatility in click chemistry.