The Thyroid Gland
Glaucoma: Overview
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways
Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment
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Updated: Mar 3, 2026

Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis
Published on: February 9, 2024
Catherine J Choi1,2, Susel Oropesa3, Alison B Callahan3
1a Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary , Boston , Massachusetts , USA.
Inferior visual field defects are the most common change in thyroid eye disease-compressive optic neuropathy (TED-CON). This study highlights the need for a specific classification system for TED-CON visual field patterns.
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