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The Notch signaling pathway is a major intracellular signaling pathway that is highly conserved over a broad spectrum of metazoan species. It stands unique from other intracellular signaling mechanisms in animals because notch protein itself acts as the receptor as well as the primary signaling molecule.
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The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
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Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

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Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
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Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply01:24

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Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl...
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Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
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Direct Mouse Trauma/Burn Model of Heterotopic Ossification
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Conserved signaling pathways underlying heterotopic ossification.

Chen Kan1, Lijun Chen1, Yangyang Hu1

  • 1School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.

Bone
|April 30, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Heterotopic ossification (HO) involves extra-skeletal bone formation. Dysregulation of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is key, with other pathways also contributing to HO development.

Keywords:
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)Conserved signaling pathwaysFibroblast growth factor (FGF)Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP)Hedgehog (HH)Heterotopic ossification (HO)Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)Wnt/β-catenin

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Heterotopic ossification (HO) is abnormal bone growth outside the skeleton, often following trauma or in genetic conditions.
  • The precise molecular drivers of many HO forms remain elusive.
  • Conserved signaling pathways are implicated in HO pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize current knowledge on signaling pathways involved in HO.
  • To highlight the central role of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling.
  • To identify potential therapeutic targets for HO.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of recent research findings.
  • Analysis of conserved signaling pathways implicated in HO.
  • Integration of data on BMP, Hedgehog (HH), Wnt/β-catenin, and Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling.

Main Results:

  • Dysregulated bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is a central mechanism in HO.
  • Other pathways like Hedgehog (HH), Wnt/β-catenin, and FGF signaling also contribute to HO.
  • Cross-talk between signaling pathways and independent mechanisms are involved in HO development.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive understanding of signaling pathways is crucial for HO prevention and treatment.
  • Identifying druggable targets within these pathways offers promise for translational research.
  • Further investigation into these pathways may lead to effective clinical applications for HO.