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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 3, 2026

A Methodological Approach to Non-invasive Assessments of Vascular Function and Morphology
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Assessing cutaneous microvascular function with iontophoresis: Avoiding non-specific vasodilation.

Jordan Loader1, Matthieu Roustit2, Frances Taylor3

  • 1Centre of Research Excellence to Reduce Inequality in Heart Disease, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia; School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia; Avignon University, LAPEC EA4278, F-84000 Avignon, France.

Microvascular Research
|May 2, 2017
PubMed
Summary

This study identified optimal iontophoresis protocols for assessing microvascular function, minimizing non-specific effects. Standardized methods are crucial for reliable cutaneous vascular conductance measurements.

Keywords:
IontophoresisLaser speckle contrast imagingMicrocirculationPost-occlusive reactive hyperemia

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Iontophoresis is widely used to evaluate skin microvascular function.
  • Non-specific vasodilatory effects can confound iontophoresis results, lacking standardized protocols.
  • This study addresses the need for reliable iontophoresis methods in assessing microvascular reactivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate common iontophoresis protocols for non-specific vasodilatory effects.
  • To examine the reproducibility of iontophoresis protocols free from non-specific responses.
  • To provide updated recommendations for assessing cutaneous microvascular function.

Main Methods:

  • Healthy participants underwent iontophoresis with acetylcholine (ACh), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), and insulin, using laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI).
  • Non-specific responses were identified by measuring blood flux at a control electrode with diluent only.
  • Reproducibility of selected protocols was compared to post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH).

Main Results:

  • Iontophoresis of ACh or SNP in sodium chloride, and ACh in deionized water, showed minimal non-specific effects.
  • Insulin-mediated responses were largely due to non-specific effects.
  • While weaker than PORH, iontophoresis of ACh and SNP demonstrated good to excellent reproducibility with LSCI when data was expressed appropriately.

Conclusions:

  • Specific iontophoresis protocols using ACh and SNP are recommended for assessing cutaneous microvascular function.
  • Standardized data expression is essential for reliable interpretation of microvascular reactivity.
  • Updated recommendations are provided to improve the assessment of skin microvascular function using iontophoresis.