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DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...
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The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
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Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography01:24

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IntroductionUltrasonography, or renal ultrasound, is a noninvasive medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and surrounding tissues.Indications for Urinary System UltrasonographyUrinary system ultrasonography is indicated in various clinical scenarios, such as:Kidney Stones (Urolithiasis): To detect and monitor the size and presence of kidney or urinary tract stones.Hydronephrosis: To assess the dilation of the renal pelvis and...
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Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) StudiesKidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) studies are standard diagnostic imaging procedures used to assess the anatomy of the urinary system. They are commonly utilized for patients experiencing abdominal pain or urinary symptoms. By using a simple X-ray of the abdomen, KUB studies can reveal structural and pathological abnormalities within the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. These studies are particularly valuable in diagnosing kidney stones, urinary...
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Introduction:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI, can include a specialized imaging technique of the urinary system known as Magnetic Resonance Urography (MRU). This radiation-free technique uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images with the help of a computer. MRU is particularly effective for visualizing fluid-filled structures like the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.Applications of MRI in the Genitourinary SystemKidneys and Ureters: MRI detects tumors, cysts,...
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Renal Stone Characterization using High Resolution Imaging Mode on a Photon Counting Detector CT System.

A Ferrero1, R Gutjahr2,3, A Henning2

  • 1Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.

Proceedings of Spie--The International Society for Optical Engineering
|May 2, 2017
PubMed
Summary

High-resolution mode on photon-counting-detector CT accurately characterizes renal stones. This advanced imaging technology differentiates stone types and assesses morphology, aiding in diagnosis and treatment planning.

Keywords:
Computed tomography (CT)high resolution CTphoton-counting detector CT (PCD-CT)

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Radiology
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Photon-counting-detector (PCD) CT systems offer standard-resolution (SR) and high-resolution (HR) modes.
  • HR mode utilizes a 2x2 subpixel array for improved spatial resolution (0.25 mm isotropic).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the capability of the HR mode in characterizing renal stones (morphology and mineral composition) ex vivo.
  • To compare HR mode performance against micro CT reference data.

Main Methods:

  • Scanned 40 pure renal stones (uric acid, cystine, calcium oxalate monohydrate, apatite) and 14 mixed stones in a water phantom using HR mode.
  • Radiation dose was matched to routine dual-energy CT stone exams.
  • Micro CT served as the reference for morphology and composition analysis.

Main Results:

  • Achieved high accuracy in discriminating stone compositions (AUC=1.0 for UA vs. CYS, 0.89 for CYS vs. COM, 0.84 for COM vs. APA).
  • Root mean square error for uric acid percentage in mixed stones was 11.0% (medium-sharp kernel) and 15.6% (sharpest kernel).
  • Qualitative assessment showed accurate characterization of stone morphology compared to micro CT.

Conclusions:

  • The HR mode of PCD CT provides accurate characterization of renal stone morphology and mineral composition.
  • This technology holds promise for improved non-invasive diagnosis and management of kidney stones.