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Related Concept Videos

Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

Heart Failure I: Introduction

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Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
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Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
4.2K
Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

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The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send...
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Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations01:26

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

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Heart failure (HF) manifests primarily as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may vary depending on which ventricle is more affected, left or right.Left-Sided Heart FailureAlso known as left ventricular failure, this condition results from the left ventricle's inability to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. It leads to pulmonary congestion, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject blood effectively...
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Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

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Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...
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Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

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Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 3, 2026

Author Spotlight: Investigating HR-Dependent Cardiac Function in Mouse Models Through a Novel Atrial-Pacing Approach
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Heart failure.

Marco Metra1, John R Teerlink2

  • 1Institute of Cardiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.

Lancet (London, England)
|May 3, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Heart failure treatments are improving, with new drugs like angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs) showing promise. However, effective therapies for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction remain elusive, highlighting an unmet clinical need.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Heart failure (HF) is a global health concern with increasing prevalence due to population aging and improved acute cardiovascular event management.
  • While therapies exist for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), such as ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta-blockers, and ARNIs, significant unmet needs persist, particularly for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current therapeutic strategies for heart failure, focusing on advancements and remaining challenges.
  • To highlight the evolving role of therapies like ARNIs and left ventricular assist devices (LVADs).
  • To discuss the limited treatment options for HFpEF and the need for novel therapeutic approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on heart failure epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment efficacy.
  • Analysis of guideline recommendations for pharmacologic and device-based therapies.
  • Examination of ongoing research into novel drug mechanisms for HFrEF and HFpEF.

Main Results:

  • Angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs) demonstrate improved outcomes compared to enalapril, leading to guideline recommendations for their use in HFrEF.
  • Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are increasingly utilized in severe HF due to improved safety.
  • No definitive therapy has emerged for HFpEF, despite some evidence for spironolactone.

Conclusions:

  • While advancements in HFrEF treatment, including ARNIs and LVADs, are improving patient outcomes, HFpEF remains a therapeutic challenge.
  • Novel drug development, including cardiac myosin activators, is crucial for addressing the unmet needs in both HFrEF and HFpEF.
  • Continued research is essential to develop effective treatments for the growing population affected by heart failure.