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Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
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Transdifferentiation and reprogramming: Overview of the processes, their similarities and differences.

Artur Cieślar-Pobuda1, Viktoria Knoflach2, Mikael V Ringh3

  • 1Institute of Automatic Control, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland; Stem Cell Group, Nordic EMBL Partnership, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. Molecular Cell Research
|May 3, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer regenerative medicine potential but carry teratoma risks due to Yamanaka factors. Transdifferentiation provides a safer alternative, converting cells without pluripotency, thus avoiding tumor formation.

Keywords:
ReprogrammingTeratomagenesisTransdifferentiationYamanaka factorsiPS

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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Regenerative medicine
  • Cancer biology

Background:

  • Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are generated using Yamanaka factors (OSKM), mimicking embryonic stem cells (ESCs).
  • These factors, crucial for pluripotency, are also implicated in cancer development.
  • Both ESCs and iPSCs pose a teratoma formation risk, limiting their therapeutic safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore transdifferentiation as a safer alternative to iPSC generation for regenerative medicine.
  • To highlight the safety advantages of transdifferentiation over traditional reprogramming methods.

Main Methods:

  • Ectopic expression of specific transcription factors.
  • Induction of direct cell fate conversion without a pluripotent intermediate.

Main Results:

  • Transdifferentiation bypasses the pluripotent state, unlike iPSC generation.
  • Tissues derived from transdifferentiation do not exhibit teratoma formation risk.

Conclusions:

  • Transdifferentiation offers a safer therapeutic strategy by avoiding pluripotency and associated tumorigenesis.
  • This lineage conversion method holds significant promise for regenerative medicine applications.