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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
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Receptor Downregulation in MVBs01:15

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Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
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Effector and regulatory B cells in Multiple Sclerosis.

Elsebeth Staun-Ram1, Ariel Miller2

  • 1Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.

Clinical Immunology (Orlando, Fla.)
|May 3, 2017
PubMed
Summary

B cells play a key role in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis. This review clarifies the specific functions of B cell subsets, including regulatory B cells (Bregs), in MS and their response to therapies.

Keywords:
AutoimmuneB cellsBregsImmune-modulationImmunotherapyMultiple Sclerosis

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Autoimmune diseases

Background:

  • Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative autoimmune disease.
  • The role of B cells in MS pathogenesis is increasingly recognized.
  • Distinct B cell subsets and their specific contributions require further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on effector and regulatory B cells in MS.
  • To explore the in vivo function of B regulatory cells (Bregs) in human MS.
  • To summarize the immunomodulatory effects of MS therapies on B cell subsets.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on B cells in MS and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE).
  • Analysis of in vitro and in vivo data regarding B cell subset functions.
  • Examination of therapeutic agent effects on B cell phenotype and function.

Main Results:

  • Several B cell subsets demonstrate regulatory and anti-inflammatory capacities in vitro and in EAE models.
  • The precise in vivo role of B regulatory cells (Bregs) in human MS remains unclear.
  • MS therapeutic agents modulate B cell phenotype and function.

Conclusions:

  • B cells, including regulatory subsets, are critical players in MS pathogenesis.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand Bregs' in vivo function in human MS.
  • Understanding B cell responses to therapies can inform future treatment strategies.