Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

In Vitro Drug Release Testing: Overview, Development and Validation01:10

In Vitro Drug Release Testing: Overview, Development and Validation

440
In vitro dissolution and drug release tests assess how quickly and how much of a drug is released from its dosage form into an aqueous medium under standardized laboratory conditions. These tests are essential tools in pharmaceutical development and quality assurance, offering insight into the drug's performance before clinical use.During formulation development, dissolution testing identifies incomplete or inconsistent drug release issues. It also supports decisions on selecting the optimal...
440
In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Alternative Methods01:17

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Alternative Methods

296
Alternative drug dissolution methods include the rotating bottle, intrinsic dissolution test, peristalsis, and the Franz diffusion cell method. The rotating bottle method involves meticulously rotating tightly capped controlled-release beads in a temperature-controlled bath. Periodic decanting of samples allows for residue assay, followed by refilling with fresh medium and testing at various pH levels to emulate the gastrointestinal tract conditions.In contrast, the intrinsic dissolution test...
296
In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models II01:09

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models II

412
Various dissolution methods are utilized to assess a drug’s dissolution rate, including the flow-through cell, paddle-over-disk, cylinder, and reciprocating disk methods.The flow-through cell apparatus (USP (United States Pharmacopeia) method 4) comprises a reservoir for the dissolution medium and a pump that propels the medium through the cell containing the test sample. This method is crucial for assessing modified-release dosage forms with minimally soluble active ingredients,...
412
In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models I01:13

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Compendial Testing Models I

385
Compendial dissolution methods are standardized procedures defined by pharmacopeias to evaluate the rate at which a drug dissolves in a specific medium. These methods ensure batch-to-batch consistency, enable quality control, and support the prediction of drug bioavailability. They are critical for both immediate and modified-release drug products.The apparatuses used for dissolution testing differ in their design and mechanical function, but all aim to simulate the physiological environment of...
385
Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems01:23

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

103
Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
103
Drug Product Performance: In Vitro–In Vivo Correlation01:20

Drug Product Performance: In Vitro–In Vivo Correlation

329
In pharmaceutical development, it's crucial to establish a predictive in vitro–in vivo correlation (IVIVC) for two or more formulations to gain a comprehensive understanding of release properties. IVIVC reduces the need for costly in vivo studies and facilitates the establishment of meaningful dissolution specifications with significant cost savings and decreased regulatory burden. Furthermore, a meaningful IVIVC should predict Cmax and AUC within 20%, aligning with FDA guidance while...
329

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

In situ characterization of aerosol deposition in dry powder inhalers using optical coherence tomography.

International journal of pharmaceutics·2026
Same author

API particle size governs in situ forming implant formation, microstructure evolution and performance.

International journal of pharmaceutics·2026
Same author

Loteprednol etabonate nanostructured lipid carriers for enhanced ocular bioavailability.

Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces·2026
Same author

Spray freeze drying as a novel strategy to enhance oral delivery of proteins/peptides.

International journal of pharmaceutics·2026
Same author

Regional Nasal Drug Deposition in Pediatric vs. Adult Models: In vitro Insights into User Technique and Breathing Patterns Sensitivity.

Pharmaceutical research·2026
Same author

Impact of macrophages on the dissolution of LAI suspension prodrugs.

International journal of pharmaceutics·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 3, 2026

Development of an In Vitro Ocular Platform to Test Contact Lenses
08:28

Development of an In Vitro Ocular Platform to Test Contact Lenses

Published on: April 6, 2016

11.3K

In vitro release testing method development for ophthalmic ointments.

Quanying Bao1, Jie Shen1, Rajan Jog1

  • 1University of Connecticut, School of Pharmacy, Storrs, CT 06269, United States.

International Journal of Pharmaceutics
|May 3, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Developing reliable in vitro release testing for ophthalmic ointments is crucial. USP apparatus 4 demonstrated superior discrimination and correlation with rheological properties for these semisolid formulations.

Keywords:
CompendialDiscriminatory capabilityEnhancer cellsFranz diffusion cellsLotemaxOphthalmic ointmentSemisolid adapters

More Related Videos

Eye Irritation Test EIT for Hazard Identification of Eye Irritating Chemicals using Reconstructed Human Cornea-like Epithelial RhCE Tissue Model
10:13

Eye Irritation Test EIT for Hazard Identification of Eye Irritating Chemicals using Reconstructed Human Cornea-like Epithelial RhCE Tissue Model

Published on: August 23, 2015

40.3K
Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery
09:44

Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery

Published on: September 26, 2025

615

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 3, 2026

Development of an In Vitro Ocular Platform to Test Contact Lenses
08:28

Development of an In Vitro Ocular Platform to Test Contact Lenses

Published on: April 6, 2016

11.3K
Eye Irritation Test EIT for Hazard Identification of Eye Irritating Chemicals using Reconstructed Human Cornea-like Epithelial RhCE Tissue Model
10:13

Eye Irritation Test EIT for Hazard Identification of Eye Irritating Chemicals using Reconstructed Human Cornea-like Epithelial RhCE Tissue Model

Published on: August 23, 2015

40.3K
Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery
09:44

Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery

Published on: September 26, 2025

615

Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Drug Delivery Systems
  • Ophthalmic Formulations

Background:

  • Establishing reliable in vitro release testing for ophthalmic ointments is challenging due to a lack of regulatory guidance.
  • Ophthalmic ointments require precise release profiles for therapeutic efficacy and safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate and compare three in vitro release testing methods for ophthalmic ointments.
  • To determine the most suitable method for discriminating between equivalent formulations with manufacturing variations.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated USP apparatus 4 (semisolid adapters), USP apparatus 2 (enhancer cells), and Franz diffusion cells.
  • Prepared qualitatively and quantitatively equivalent ophthalmic ointments using hot melting and simple mixing.
  • Characterized formulations for content uniformity, particle size, and rheological parameters.

Main Results:

  • USP apparatus 4 showed the greatest discrimination between different ointment release profiles.
  • The USP apparatus 4 method exhibited the strongest correlation between in vitro release rate and rheological parameters (K value, crossover modulus).
  • Franz diffusion cells demonstrated poorer reproducibility compared to compendial methods.

Conclusions:

  • USP apparatus 4 is a promising method for in vitro release testing of ophthalmic ointments.
  • This method effectively discriminates between formulations with manufacturing differences and correlates with physical properties.