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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

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A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
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Entropy Changes Accompanying Specific Processes01:21

Entropy Changes Accompanying Specific Processes

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Entropy, a measure of disorder in a system, changes during phase transitions like freezing or boiling. At the transition temperature Ttrs, where two phases are in equilibrium, the phase transition is a reversible process. The entropy change can be calculated from a substance's enthalpy of transition using the equation ΔStrs = ΔtrsH /Ttrs.When a perfect gas expands isothermally from one volume to another, entropy increases logarithmically with volume. Conversely, isothermal compression...
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Entropy Change in Reversible Processes01:10

Entropy Change in Reversible Processes

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In the Carnot engine, which achieves the maximum efficiency between two reservoirs of fixed temperatures, the total change in entropy is zero. The observation can be generalized by considering any reversible cyclic process consisting of many Carnot cycles. Thus, it can be stated that the total entropy change of any ideal reversible cycle is zero.
The statement can be further generalized to prove that entropy is a state function. Take a cyclic process between any two points on a p-V diagram.
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform
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Novel quantum phase transition from bounded to extensive entanglement.

Zhao Zhang1, Amr Ahmadain1, Israel Klich2

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|May 3, 2017
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Researchers discovered a quantum phase transition in many-body systems where entanglement unexpectedly increases. This finding reveals new possibilities for generating useful entanglement for quantum computing applications.

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area lawentanglement entropyphase transitionsquantum criticalityspin chains

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Condensed matter theory
  • Quantum information

Background:

  • Entanglement in many-body systems provides insights into quantum correlations and phase transitions.
  • Ground states of local Hamiltonians typically exhibit area-law scaling for entanglement entropy.
  • Generic many-body states possess large, extensive entropy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate entanglement scaling in frustration-free Hamiltonians.
  • To uncover quantum phase transitions related to entanglement.
  • To explore the potential for generating useful entanglement.

Main Methods:

  • Introduction of a continuous family of frustration-free Hamiltonians.
  • Exact solvability of ground states.
  • Analysis of entanglement entropy scaling.

Main Results:

  • A quantum phase transition was identified.
  • Entanglement scaling shifts from area law to extensive entropy.
  • The transition occurs in exactly solvable ground states.

Conclusions:

  • Entanglement in many-body systems can be enhanced under specific conditions.
  • This enhancement has implications for quantum computing.
  • Locality's restrictions on ground states may yield further surprises.