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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Van der Waals Interactions01:24

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Atoms and molecules interact with each other through intermolecular forces. These electrostatic forces arise from attractive or repulsive interactions between particles with permanent, partial, or temporary charges. The intermolecular forces between neutral atoms and molecules are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, and dispersion forces, collectively known as van der Waals forces.
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Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics01:17

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Passive diffusion is a critical process that allows small lipophilic drugs to cross the cell membrane along a concentration gradient. This mechanism's efficiency depends on four primary factors: the membrane's surface area, the drug's lipid-water partition coefficient, the concentration gradient, and the membrane's thickness.
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Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
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Updated: Mar 3, 2026

Spot Variation Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy for Analysis of Molecular Diffusion at the Plasma Membrane of Living Cells
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Diffusion in systems crowded by active force-dipole molecules.

Matthew Dennison1, Raymond Kapral, Holger Stark

  • 1Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstrasse 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany. matthew.dennison@yahoo.co.uk.

Soft Matter
|May 3, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Active molecules, such as proteins, can enhance the movement (diffusion) of other particles in a solution. This study shows that active dumbbell molecules significantly increase diffusion, differing from inactive molecules.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Chemical Physics
  • Soft Matter Physics

Background:

  • Active molecules, driven by chemical reactions, exhibit enhanced diffusion compared to inactive ones.
  • Proposed mechanisms include molecular motor interactions and collective hydrodynamic effects.
  • Experimental studies confirm enhanced diffusion in systems with active proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the diffusion enhancement in a multi-component system with active dumbbell molecules.
  • To determine the effect of active dumbbell crowding on passive tracer particles and the dumbbells themselves.
  • To compare the effects of active versus inactive dumbbell crowding.

Main Methods:

  • Computer simulations of a multi-component system.
  • Inclusion of active dumbbell molecules cycling between open and closed states.
  • Modeling of passive tracer particles and solvent molecules.

Main Results:

  • Simulations confirmed that active dumbbell molecules enhance their own diffusion and that of passive tracer particles.
  • The dependence of diffusion enhancement on dumbbell volume fraction was determined.
  • Crowding effects from active dumbbells were shown to differ from those of inactive dumbbells.

Conclusions:

  • Active dumbbell molecules significantly enhance particle diffusion in a system.
  • The mechanism of diffusion enhancement by active molecules is distinct from passive crowding effects.
  • These findings align with experimental observations and contribute to understanding active matter systems.