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Related Concept Videos

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

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Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
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Memory is the retention of information or experiences over time, facilitated through three main processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding is the process of inputting information into the memory system. For instance, when listening to a lecture, watching a play, reading a book, or having a conversation, the brain is actively encoding information. This initial stage involves transforming sensory input into a form that can be processed and stored by the brain. Various factors, such as...
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Neurotransmitters are integral to the brain's communication system, enabling neurons to transmit signals across synapses. This chemical exchange underpins various cognitive functions, including memory processes. The role of neurotransmitters in memory is multifaceted, influencing the encoding, consolidation, and retrieval of memories through their action on different neural circuits.
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Memory is categorized into three major systems: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). These systems differ in their capacity and the duration for which they can hold information. Sensory memory captures raw sensory input from the environment, holding it for just a few seconds or less. For example, on hearing a brief, loud sound, like a car horn honking, the sound seems to linger in the mind for a moment even after it stops. This is an instance of sensory memory...
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Long-Term Memory01:18

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Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
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Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory01:22

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Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of...
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Aversive Associative Learning and Memory Formation by Pairing Two Chemicals in Caenorhabditis elegans
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Sorting out memory and learning.

Leslie K Ferrarelli1

  • 1Science Signaling, AAAS, Washington, DC 20005, USA.

Science Signaling
|May 4, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Mutations affecting AMPA receptor recycling cause cognitive deficits in intellectual disabilities and neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting a key molecular mechanism.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • AMPA receptors are crucial for synaptic plasticity and cognitive function.
  • Dysfunctional recycling of AMPA receptors is implicated in various neurological disorders.
  • Intellectual disorders and neurodegenerative diseases share common pathological pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of AMPA receptor recycling machinery in cognitive impairment.
  • To identify specific mutations linked to intellectual disability and neurodegeneration.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying these cognitive deficits.

Main Methods:

  • Genetic analysis of patient cohorts with intellectual disorders and neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Biochemical assays to assess AMPA receptor trafficking and recycling.

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  • Cellular and animal models to study the impact of mutations on neuronal function.

    • Main Results:

    • Identified specific mutations in genes encoding AMPA receptor recycling proteins.
    • Demonstrated that these mutations impair receptor surface expression and synaptic function.
    • Correlated impaired AMPA receptor recycling with cognitive deficits in affected individuals and models.

    Conclusions:

    • Mutations in AMPA receptor recycling machinery are a significant cause of cognitive impairment.
    • Targeting AMPA receptor recycling pathways may offer therapeutic strategies for intellectual disorders and neurodegenerative diseases.
    • This study provides a molecular basis for understanding cognitive decline in these conditions.