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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...
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Mitral stenosis is a heart condition in which the mitral valve, which allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, becomes narrowed or stenotic. This narrowing hinders blood flow and leads to clinical symptoms requiring specific medical evaluations and management strategies. The following overview outlines the clinical symptoms, assessments, diagnostic findings, prevention methods, and treatments for mitral stenosis.Clinical ManifestationsDyspnea (shortness of breath): This...
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Aortic valve regurgitation (AR) occurs when the aortic valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow backward from the aorta into the left ventricle. This backflow can result in two distinct clinical presentations: acute and chronic AR, each characterized by its own set of symptoms and physical findings.Acute Aortic RegurgitationAcute AR presents with a sudden onset of severe symptoms. Patients typically experience profound dyspnea (shortness of breath), chest pain, and signs of left...
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Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
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Auscultation, an essential part of a heart examination, is done using a stethoscope. It provides crucial information about heart function and possible heart problems. Due to heart problems, abnormal sounds can be heard during systole or diastole. These sounds include S3 and S4 gallops, opening snaps, systolic clicks, and murmurs.
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Updated: Mar 3, 2026

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Suspected Cardiac Thrombus: Conventional and Emerging Techniques
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An Unusual Left Ventricular Apical Mass.

Erika Cavallero1, Mirko Curzi1, Sara Anna Cioccarelli1

  • 1Division of Echocardiography, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.

Journal of Cardiovascular Echography
|May 4, 2017
PubMed
Summary

This case study details a rare left ventricular apical mass. Histological examination was required for diagnosis, and a minimally invasive approach was used for surgical excision.

Keywords:
Echocardiographyleft ventricular massmini-invasive excisionmultimodality diagnosis

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Last Updated: Mar 3, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Cardiac Surgery
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Left ventricular apical masses are uncommon cardiac findings.
  • Echocardiography and clinical history are typically used for diagnosis.
  • Definitive diagnosis often requires histological examination.

Observation:

  • A patient presented with an ambiguous left ventricular apical mass.
  • Clinical history and echocardiographic findings were inconclusive.
  • The mass's nature remained uncertain until histological analysis.

Findings:

  • Histological examination was crucial for determining the mass's etiology.
  • This case represents a rare instance of excising a deep left ventricular mass.
  • A minimally invasive surgical technique was employed for the deep-seated mass.

Implications:

  • Highlights the diagnostic challenges posed by rare cardiac masses.
  • Demonstrates the feasibility of minimally invasive surgery for deep left ventricular masses.
  • Emphasizes the importance of histological confirmation in ambiguous cardiac lesions.