Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses01:22

Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses

8.0K
The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
Graded and Abrupt Responses
Some signaling systems generate...
8.0K
MAPK Signaling Cascades01:07

MAPK Signaling Cascades

8.9K
Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
8.9K
Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

18.7K
When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze...
18.7K
Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response01:31

Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response

3.1K
Inositol-requiring kinase one or IRE1 is the most conserved eukaryotic unfolded protein response (UPR) receptor. It is a type I transmembrane protein kinase receptor with a distinctive site-specific RNase activity. As the binding mechanics of the misfolded proteins with the N-terminal domain of IRE-1 are unclear, three binding models — direct, indirect, and allosteric -- are proposed for receptor activation. Nevertheless, it is known that once a misfolded protein associates with IRE1, it...
3.1K
Cell Signaling in Plants01:25

Cell Signaling in Plants

6.8K
Plant cells communicate to coordinate their cycle of growth, flowering and fruiting, and activities in roots, shoots, and leaves in response to the changing environmental conditions. Plant signaling is distinct from animal signaling. Plants primarily utilize enzyme-linked receptors, whereas the largest class of cell-surface receptors in animals are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike animals, receptor tyrosine kinases are rare in plants. Instead, plants have a diverse class of...
6.8K
Notch Signaling Pathway03:14

Notch Signaling Pathway

6.7K
The Notch signaling pathway is a major intracellular signaling pathway that is highly conserved over a broad spectrum of metazoan species. It stands unique from other intracellular signaling mechanisms in animals because notch protein itself acts as the receptor as well as the primary signaling molecule.
The Notch gene came into the limelight in 1914 after the discovery that its mutation in Drosophila melanogaster leads to a serrated (or "notched") wing margin phenotype. It was not...
6.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Spatial and Phenotypic Heterogeneity of ILC Subsets in Mouse Lung Under Type 2 Inflammatory Conditions.

European journal of immunology·2026
Same author

Pro-Inflammatory Activation Promotes Atherogenic Endothelial Phenotype in Male and Female Human Umbilical Endothelial Vein Cells (HUVECs).

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
Same author

The AICL-KLRF1 axis supports CD4-CD8 T cell communication and cytokine competence in pre-exhausted CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells.

EMBO reports·2026
Same author

Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 influenza A virus exhibits high infectivity in human respiratory tract models.

The Journal of infection·2026
Same author

Altered cholesterol immunometabolism activates the macrophage NLRP3-inflammasome in lung fibrosis.

American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology·2026
Same author

Distinct roles for MNK1 and MNK2 in social and cognitive behavior through kinase-specific regulation of the synaptic proteome and phosphoproteome.

Molecular psychiatry·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 3, 2026

Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Active ERK in the C. elegans Germline
08:40

Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Active ERK in the C. elegans Germline

Published on: November 29, 2016

10.9K

An immediate-late gene expression module decodes ERK signal duration.

Florian Uhlitz1,2, Anja Sieber1,2, Emanuel Wyler3

  • 1IRI Life Sciences & Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.

Molecular Systems Biology
|May 5, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Researchers discovered a new gene module, immediate-late genes (ILGs), that helps cells distinguish between short and long signals from the RAF-MEK-ERK pathway. This mechanism decodes signal duration to control cell fate decisions like proliferation and apoptosis.

Keywords:
ERK signallingimmediate–late genesmRNA half‐lifesignal decodingsignal duration

More Related Videos

An Efficient Protocol to Assess ERK Activity Modulation in Early Zebrafish Noonan Syndrome Models via Live FRET Microscopy and Immunofluorescence
09:58

An Efficient Protocol to Assess ERK Activity Modulation in Early Zebrafish Noonan Syndrome Models via Live FRET Microscopy and Immunofluorescence

Published on: May 2, 2025

743
Grafting of Beads into Developing Chicken Embryo Limbs to Identify Signal Transduction Pathways Affecting Gene Expression
11:48

Grafting of Beads into Developing Chicken Embryo Limbs to Identify Signal Transduction Pathways Affecting Gene Expression

Published on: January 17, 2016

9.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 3, 2026

Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Active ERK in the C. elegans Germline
08:40

Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Active ERK in the C. elegans Germline

Published on: November 29, 2016

10.9K
An Efficient Protocol to Assess ERK Activity Modulation in Early Zebrafish Noonan Syndrome Models via Live FRET Microscopy and Immunofluorescence
09:58

An Efficient Protocol to Assess ERK Activity Modulation in Early Zebrafish Noonan Syndrome Models via Live FRET Microscopy and Immunofluorescence

Published on: May 2, 2025

743
Grafting of Beads into Developing Chicken Embryo Limbs to Identify Signal Transduction Pathways Affecting Gene Expression
11:48

Grafting of Beads into Developing Chicken Embryo Limbs to Identify Signal Transduction Pathways Affecting Gene Expression

Published on: January 17, 2016

9.4K

Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • The RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway regulates critical cellular processes, including proliferation and apoptosis.
  • Signal duration is a key factor in determining cell fate decisions within this pathway.
  • Mechanisms by which gene expression modules distinguish signal durations remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how gene expression modules discriminate between short and long RAF-MEK-ERK signals.
  • To identify novel gene expression dynamics involved in signal duration decoding.
  • To elucidate the functional role of immediate-late genes (ILGs) in cellular response to ERK signaling.

Main Methods:

  • Inducible RAF construct in HEK293 cells for time-course protein phosphorylation and gene expression analysis.
  • Mathematical modeling to analyze signaling dynamics and gene expression patterns.
  • Metabolic labeling (4-thiouracil) and GC-rich promoter analysis to confirm gene transcription.
  • Comparative analysis across different cell lines (PC12, MCF7) to assess conservation.

Main Results:

  • Identification of a novel gene expression module: immediate-late genes (ILGs).
  • ILGs exhibit distinct dynamics, responding late to translate ERK signal duration into amplitude.
  • Despite late protein response, ILG transcription is immediate, facilitated by mRNA longevity and GC-rich promoters.
  • Conservation of ILG-mediated duration decoding across different cell types.

Conclusions:

  • Immediate-late genes (ILGs) represent a distinct module for decoding ERK signal duration.
  • mRNA longevity is a critical mechanism enabling ILGs to integrate signal duration.
  • The principle of duration decoding via ILGs is conserved, highlighting its fundamental role in cellular signaling.