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What is Climate?

What is Climate?

Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.” Climate is influenced by geographic factors, such as latitude, terrain, and proximity to bodies of water.

Responses to Drought and Flooding

Responses to Drought and Flooding

Water plays a significant role in the life cycle of plants. However, insufficient or excess of water can be detrimental and pose a serious threat to plants.

Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss

Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss

Though evaporation from plant leaves drives transpiration, it also results in loss of water. Because water is critical for photosynthetic reactions and other cellular processes, evolutionary pressures on plants in different environments have driven the acquisition of adaptations that reduce water loss.

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.

Multiple Regression

Multiple Regression

Multiple regression assesses a linear relationship between one response or dependent variable and two or more independent variables. It has many practical applications.
Farmers can use multiple regression to determine the crop yield based on more than one factor, such as water availability, fertilizer, soil properties, etc. Here, the crop yield is the response or dependent variable as it depends on the other independent variables. The analysis requires the construction of a scatter plot...

Light Acquisition

Light Acquisition

In order to produce glucose, plants need to capture sufficient light energy. Many modern plants have evolved leaves specialized for light acquisition. Leaves can be only millimeters in width or tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Due to competition for sunlight, evolution has driven the evolution of increasingly larger leaves and taller plants, to avoid shading by their neighbors with contaminant elaboration of root architecture and mechanisms to transport water and nutrients.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 3, 2026

Author Spotlight: Innovative Approaches to Understanding Plant Structure-Function Relationships for Climate-Resilient Crops

Author Spotlight: Innovative Approaches to Understanding Plant Structure-Function Relationships for Climate-Resilient Crops

Published on: July 12, 2024

Crop yield response to climate change varies with crop spatial distribution pattern.

Guoyong Leng¹, Maoyi Huang²

¹Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park MD, Riverdale, 20740, USA. Guoyong.Leng@pnnl.gov.

Scientific Reports

|May 5, 2017

Summary

Changes in corn spatial distribution significantly alter crop yield responses to climate change. Considering these shifts, corn yields are projected to decrease more substantially by 2050, impacting regional agriculture assessments.

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Last Updated: Mar 3, 2026

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Published on: July 12, 2024

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Area of Science:

Agricultural Science
Climate Science
Environmental Science

Background:

Crop yield and climate variability are linked, but studies often assume static crop distribution.
Understanding how changing crop patterns affect yield response to climate is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how county-level corn spatial distribution changes influence corn yield responses to climate change.
To assess the impact of these changes on state-level yield predictions in the Contiguous United States.

Main Methods:

Statistical analysis of historical climate and crop yield data.
Modeling the effect of shifting county-level corn spatial distribution patterns on yield.

Main Results:

Corn yield response to climate change varies significantly with spatial distribution patterns.
Projected corn yield decreases by 20-40% by 2050 when accounting for distribution shifts, a 6-12% greater reduction than previously estimated.
Benefits arise from mitigating temperature impacts and enhancing precipitation effects.

Conclusions:

Ignoring crop spatial distribution changes can bias assessments of climate change impacts on agriculture.
Dynamic spatial patterns are critical for accurate predictions of future crop yields under climate change.
Findings have implications for ongoing debates about climate change effects on regional agriculture.