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Multiple innovations underpinned branching form diversification in mosses.

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Branching forms in mosses evolved through two distinct stages, driven by changes in module repetition and reproductive organ placement. These developmental shifts explain the diversity of moss architecture.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Plant morphology
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Branching form diversification in bryophytes remains unclear, despite evidence of convergent evolution in vascular plants.
  • Mosses, the most species-rich bryophytes, exhibit two reproductive organ placement strategies: apical or lateral.
  • A shift from apical to lateral reproductive organ development is hypothesized to have initiated branching diversification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary trajectory of branching form diversification in mosses.
  • To define moss architectures based on modular development, branching patterns, and module repetition.
  • To identify developmental changes that primed architectural diversification in mosses.

Main Methods:

  • Architectural characterization of 175 moss species, analyzing module classes, branching patterns, and module repetition.
  • Ancestral character state reconstruction to infer evolutionary pathways.
  • Comparative analysis of developmental changes related to reproductive organ placement and vegetative growth.

Main Results:

  • Two distinct stages of architectural diversification were identified in moss evolution.
  • The first stage involved sequential changes in module repetition, reproductive organ position, branching patterns, and module classes.
  • The second stage saw independent evolution of vegetative traits and reproductive fate.

Conclusions:

  • Developmental changes, particularly the switch in reproductive organ placement, were crucial for initiating branching form diversification in mosses.
  • Moss architectural evolution occurred in two major stages, with distinct drivers for each.
  • This study provides a framework for future mechanistic research into plant architectural evolution.