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Infectious Disease Outbreak Response: Mind the Rights Gap.

Sara E Davies1

  • 1Centre for Governance and Public Policy, School of Government and International Relations, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.

Medical Law Review
|May 5, 2017
PubMed
Summary

The World Health Organization (WHO) faces challenges receiving non-state actor reports on disease outbreaks, despite International Health Regulations (IHR) updates. A human rights framework is needed to ensure transparent reporting and manage state concerns.

Keywords:
EbolaHuman RightsInternational Health RegulationsMERSNon-state actorsOutbreak surveillanceRisk communication

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Area of Science:

  • Global health security
  • International health law
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • The 2005 International Health Regulations (IHR) grant the World Health Organization (WHO) the authority to receive disease outbreak reports from non-state actors.
  • Despite this provision, the WHO struggles to exercise this right due to state influence and control over information.
  • This creates an implementation gap between the IHR's intent and the practical reality of outbreak surveillance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the consequences of the gap between the WHO's right to receive non-state actor reports and states' ability to restrict this.
  • To analyze how state risk communication concerns impact the WHO's ability to gather information from diverse sources.
  • To propose a human rights framework to enhance transparency in global disease outbreak reporting.

Main Methods:

  • Case study analysis of two recent outbreaks: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in Saudi Arabia and Ebola in Guinea.
  • Examination of the interplay between state sovereignty, risk communication, and international health regulations.
  • Review of the WHO's operational challenges in accessing non-state actor information during outbreaks.

Main Results:

  • The WHO's attempts to receive non-state actor reports were hindered by state actions in both MERS and Ebola outbreaks.
  • States' concerns regarding risk communication and national reputation significantly influenced information flow.
  • The WHO experienced difficulties balancing state sensitivities with its mandate for transparent outbreak reporting.

Conclusions:

  • The current implementation of the IHR is insufficient to guarantee the WHO's right to receive non-state actor outbreak reports.
  • A human rights-based approach is necessary to clearly define reporting rights and responsibilities for all stakeholders.
  • Establishing clear guidelines for the WHO, states, and non-state actors can foster a more effective and transparent global disease surveillance system.