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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

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Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 22, 2025

Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay
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Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

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Immune Diseases Associated with TREX1 and STING Dysfunction.

Nan Yan1

  • 1Department of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas.

Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research : the Official Journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research
|May 6, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dysfunctional innate immune regulators TREX1 and STING are linked to autoimmune diseases. Research has led to new targeted therapies for these conditions, benefiting patients.

Keywords:
Aicardi–Goutières syndromeSTINGSTING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancyTREX1cytosolic DNA sensingretinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The innate immune system provides the initial defense against pathogens, relying on self vs. non-self discrimination.
  • Dysregulation of innate immune signaling, particularly in negative regulators like TREX1 and drivers like STING, is implicated in autoimmune diseases.
  • Autoimmune conditions such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and interferonopathies arise from mutations affecting these pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the opposing roles of TREX1 and STING in the cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway.
  • To summarize recent advancements in understanding the molecular mechanisms of immune diseases linked to TREX1 and STING dysfunction.
  • To highlight the therapeutic translation of these molecular findings.

Main Methods:

  • Review of academic and clinical research over the past decade.
  • Focus on the TREX1 and STING cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms and therapeutic developments.

Main Results:

  • Elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying immune diseases associated with TREX1 and STING dysfunction.
  • Identification of targeted treatment options and druggable candidates for these diseases.
  • Significant progress in translating basic research findings into clinical applications.

Conclusions:

  • TREX1 and STING are critical opposing regulators of the cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway.
  • Molecular insights into TREX1 and STING dysfunction have paved the way for effective therapies.
  • Ongoing research promises further advancements for patients with associated autoimmune diseases.