Hemoglobin-mediated oxidation of the carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine to methyl radicals

Oxidation of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (SDMH) catalyzed by hemoglobin is investigated by oxygen consumption studies, ESR spin-trapping experiments, and gas chromatography. Kinetic analysis and the study of the effects of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and azide on reaction rates indicate that SDMH oxidation is primarily dependent on ferric hemoglobin and autoxidatively formed H2O2. SDMH oxidation generates both methyl and hydroxyl radicals as ascertained by spin-trapping experiments with alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone, 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide, and tert-nitrosobutane. Quantitative estimates indicate that the yield of the methyl radical trapped by alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone is about 8% of the consumed oxygen. Analysis of the gaseous products by gas chromatography shows methane formation at a yield 10 times lower than that obtained for the spin-trap methyl adduct. These results are discussed within the context of the spin-trapping technique. The relative efficiencies of oxyhemoglobin in catalyzing SDMH, 2-phenylethylhydrazine, and phenylhydrazine oxidation, defined as Vmax/KM, are estimated as 1, 13, and 386, respectively. The higher efficiency obtained for the monosubstituted derivatives leads us to suggest that hemoglobin-catalyzed oxidation could be a detoxification route for these compounds. By contrast, SDMH oxidation requires a peroxidase-like activity, a fact that may be related to the efficacy and specificity of this carcinogen.