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Related Concept Videos

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management01:28

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

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Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...
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Gentamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, is commonly administered via intermittent intravenous infusion to treat severe infections. An intermittent one-hour infusion of gentamicin, administered at eight-hour intervals, allows for precise control of plasma drug concentrations, minimizing toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy. Pharmacokinetic principles govern the dynamics of plasma concentrations and can be mathematically described using specific equations.The plasma drug concentration...
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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A urine culture and sensitivity test is a diagnostic procedure used to identify urinary tract bacterial infections and determine the most effective antibiotics for treatment. This test is generally preferred when a patient shows manifestations of a urinary tract infection, such as frequent or painful urination, cloudy or foul-smelling urine, or lower abdominal pain.Purpose of the TestThe primary goals of a urine culture and sensitivity test are to:Determine the specific bacteria causing the...
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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Antibiotic Selection00:57

Antibiotic Selection

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Multiplex Therapeutic Drug Monitoring by Isotope-dilution HPLC-MS/MS of Antibiotics in Critical Illnesses
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Using Procalcitonin to Guide Antibiotic Therapy.

Chanu Rhee1,2

  • 1Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School/Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.

Open Forum Infectious Diseases
|May 9, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Procalcitonin testing helps doctors safely reduce antibiotic use in respiratory infections and sepsis. This biomarker guides treatment decisions, improving patient outcomes and lowering mortality in critically ill patients.

Keywords:
antibiotic stewardshipbiomarkersprocalcitoninrespiratory infectionssepsis.

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Detection and Quantification of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide CGRP in Human Plasma Using a Modified Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Clinical Medicine
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Procalcitonin (PCT) is a biomarker for systemic inflammation, particularly bacterial infections.
  • PCT-guided algorithms have shown promise in optimizing antibiotic stewardship.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of procalcitonin-based algorithms in reducing antibiotic use across different patient populations.
  • To assess the impact of PCT guidance on clinical outcomes, including mortality.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of multiple randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating procalcitonin-guided antibiotic therapy.
  • Specific focus on two scenarios: stable, low-risk respiratory infections and critically ill patients with suspected sepsis.
  • Inclusion of data from the Stop Antibiotics on Procalcitonin Guidance Study (SAPS).

Main Results:

  • Procalcitonin levels <0.25 µg/L effectively guide withholding or early cessation of antibiotics in low-risk respiratory infections.
  • In sepsis, PCT levels <0.5 µg/L or an ≥80% decrease from peak indicate safe antibiotic discontinuation.
  • The SAPS trial demonstrated significant reductions in antibiotic exposure and mortality in critically ill patients.

Conclusions:

  • Procalcitonin-based algorithms are effective and safe for guiding antibiotic use in specific clinical scenarios.
  • PCT is ready for routine clinical implementation, with ongoing research needed for broader applications and real-world impact.