Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

3.0K
The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
3.0K
Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

4.5K
Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
4.5K
Polymers02:34

Polymers

42.0K
The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
42.0K
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

4.1K
Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
4.1K
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.6K
The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
2.6K
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.7K
The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
2.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Cosolvent-Modulated Supramolecular Chirality Unveils Pronounced Piezoelectric Response in Peptide-Based Nanomaterials.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same author

Flavonoids as Dual Topoisomerase I and II Inhibitors: Mechanistic Insights and Emerging Anticancer Strategies.

Chemistry & biodiversity·2026
Same author

Remarkable Effect of Odd-Even Spacer in Supramolecular Polymerization and Piezoresponse of Amide-Functionalized Naphthalene Diimides.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same author

Phytochemicals as Promising Therapeutics in Cancer Prevention and Treatment: Mechanisms and Applications.

Current cancer drug targets·2026
Same author

Hybrid nanogel system of quercetin-loaded squalene NLCs with zinc-HA network for dry eye syndrome.

International journal of biological macromolecules·2026
Same author

Supramolecular Assembly of a Heavy-Atom-Free Highly Efficient Self-Deliverable Photosensitizer for Activable Photodynamic Therapy.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same journal

VOCs Adsorption and Exchange Properties in Bispidine-Based Mn(II) 1D CPs Made of Orthogonally Oriented Linear Chains.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
Same journal

Electrosynthesis of Glycine From Nitrate and Glyoxylic Acid Over a Bi<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> Nanosheets-Based Catalyst.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
Same journal

Symmetry Breaking in Achiral Porphyrins: Noncovalent Origins of Emergent Optical Activity.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
Same journal

Modulation of O<sub>2</sub> Affinity and Enzymatic Activity of Core‒Shell Structured Hemoglobin Nanoparticles.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
Same journal

Stepwise Synthesis of Tetrabenzotriazaporphyrins (TBTAPs) and Their Open 2- and 3-Ring Fragments.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
Same journal

Geometry-Based Neural-Network Prediction of Electron Localization Function Topology in Dense Hydrogen.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water
16:24

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

Published on: August 2, 2012

19.3K

Solvent Geometry Regulated Cooperative Supramolecular Polymerization.

Haridas Kar1, Goutam Ghosh1, Suhrit Ghosh1

  • 1Polymer Science Unit, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|May 9, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hydrogen-bonding drives supramolecular polymerization of naphthalene-diimide derivatives (NDI-1) in linear alkanes, forming gels. Cyclic alkanes yield free-flowing solutions, indicating alkanes

Keywords:
cooperative supramolecular polymerizationhydrogen bondingorganogelsseeded supramolecular polymerizationsolvent geometry regulated nucleation

More Related Videos

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst
07:39

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst

Published on: June 8, 2016

10.0K
Designed for Molecular Recycling: A Lignin-Derived Semi-aromatic Biobased Polymer
10:22

Designed for Molecular Recycling: A Lignin-Derived Semi-aromatic Biobased Polymer

Published on: November 30, 2020

4.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water
16:24

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

Published on: August 2, 2012

19.3K
Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst
07:39

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst

Published on: June 8, 2016

10.0K
Designed for Molecular Recycling: A Lignin-Derived Semi-aromatic Biobased Polymer
10:22

Designed for Molecular Recycling: A Lignin-Derived Semi-aromatic Biobased Polymer

Published on: November 30, 2020

4.0K

Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Core-substituted naphthalene-diimide (NDI) derivatives are known for their electronic properties and self-assembly behavior.
  • Hydrogen-bonding interactions play a crucial role in directing supramolecular polymerization.
  • Solvent effects significantly influence the self-assembly pathway and resulting morphology of NDI derivatives.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the hydrogen-bonding driven supramolecular polymerization of NDI-1 in various hydrocarbon solvents.
  • To elucidate the mechanism of self-assembly, focusing on the role of linear versus cyclic alkanes.
  • To understand how solvent structure impacts polymerization cooperativity and the morphology of the resulting NDI polymers.

Main Methods:

  • Variable-temperature UV/Vis spectroscopy to study the self-assembly process.
  • Analysis of spectral data using appropriate models to determine polymerization mechanisms.
  • Morphological characterization of self-assembled structures (e.g., fibrillar networks, rods).

Main Results:

  • NDI-1 undergoes J-aggregation in all tested hydrocarbon solvents, but spontaneous gelation occurs exclusively in linear alkanes.
  • A highly cooperative nucleation-elongation self-assembly pathway was observed in linear alkanes (heptane, octane, nonane, decane).
  • Cyclic alkanes (cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane) resulted in ill-defined polymerization, attributed to unfavorable mixing and geometry mismatch with NDI-1's alkyl chains.

Conclusions:

  • Linear alkanes actively participate in the nucleation process, promoting cooperative supramolecular polymerization of NDI-1.
  • The chain length of linear alkanes influences thermodynamic parameters and self-assembly behavior.
  • Addition of preformed NDI-1 fibers can induce fibrillar structures even in cyclic alkanes, confirming the cooperative mechanism.