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Predictability and Parallelism of Multitrait Adaptation.

Randall Brian Langerhans1

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences and W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695.

The Journal of Heredity
|May 9, 2017
PubMed
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Environmental changes drive evolutionary adaptation in organisms. This study on mosquitofish reveals that while many traits evolve predictably with predation, other factors significantly influence overall phenotypic variation, highlighting the complexity of multitrait evolution.

Keywords:
Poeciliidaeconvergent evolutionparallel evolutionpredictable evolutionunique evolution

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Ecology
  • Behavioral ecology

Background:

  • Environmental variation can lead to widespread changes in selective pressures across multiple traits.
  • Understanding the predictability and parallelism of multitrait divergence is crucial for comprehending adaptive evolution.
  • The Bahamas mosquitofish radiation provides a model system to study adaptation across replicated environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the predictability and parallelism of multitrait divergence in Bahamas mosquitofish (Gambusia hubbsi) across different predation regimes.
  • To quantify the extent to which predation influences phenotypic variation in mosquitofish populations.
  • To assess the role of nonparallel divergence in overall phenotypic variation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 5 quantitative approaches to analyze multitrait divergence.
  • Synthesized data for 90 traits across 13 character suites, including morphology, life history, and behavior.
  • Compared fish from blue holes with and without major predators (bigmouth sleeper, Gobiomorus dormitor).

Main Results:

  • Found strong, predictable, and parallel multitrait divergence between predation regimes.
  • Observed significant parallelism and strong magnitudes of predictable divergence for most traits.
  • Discovered that over half of the total phenotypic variation was not explained by predation regime differences.

Conclusions:

  • Multitrait divergence is widespread, predictable, and often parallel in response to predation.
  • Focusing on limited traits or only parallel divergence can offer an incomplete view of adaptation.
  • Nonparallel divergence plays a substantial role in overall phenotypic variation and requires further investigation.