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Related Concept Videos

Muscles for Facial Expressions01:14

Muscles for Facial Expressions

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The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
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Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
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Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx...
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Muscles that Move the Head01:19

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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
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The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
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Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

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The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
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Bilateral platysma dystonia.

Achmad Fahmi1, Ayako Mandai1, Tetsuryu Mitsuyama1

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, DR Soetomo Hospital, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.

Asian Journal of Neurosurgery
|May 10, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Platysma dystonia, a rare involuntary muscle movement, showed significant improvement after selective peripheral denervation surgery. This microsurgical approach effectively treated bilateral platysma dystonia when oral medications failed.

Keywords:
Facial nerveplatysma dystoniaselective peripheral nerve denervation

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Movement Disorders

Background:

  • Platysma dystonia is a rare, involuntary movement disorder affecting the platysma muscle.
  • It can cause significant distress and functional impairment.
  • Current treatment options, including oral medications, may have limited efficacy.

Observation:

  • A 58-year-old woman presented with an 8-year history of bilateral platysma muscle jerking.
  • Her symptoms were unresponsive to oral pharmacotherapy.
  • The patient underwent microsurgical denervation of the facial nerves supplying the platysma muscles.

Findings:

  • The patient experienced immediate and considerable improvement post-surgery.
  • The microsurgical denervation procedure resulted in no reported complications.
  • Selective peripheral denervation demonstrated effectiveness in managing platysma dystonia.

Implications:

  • Peripheral nerve denervation offers a viable and effective treatment for platysma dystonia.
  • This case highlights the potential of surgical intervention for refractory focal dystonias.
  • Further research into selective denervation techniques may benefit patients with similar movement disorders.