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Related Concept Videos

Structure of Alkanes02:23

Structure of Alkanes

36.1K
The formation of carbon-carbon bonds leading to the creation of the carbon chain is the basis of organic chemistry. August Kekulé and Archibald Scott Couper independently developed this idea of carbon chain formation.
Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds composed of carbons and hydrogens. Based on the bond order between carbons, the hydrocarbons are further classified into alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. 
Alkanes are the simplest hydrocarbons with sp3 hybrid carbon atoms....
36.1K
Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

15.5K
A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
15.5K
Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

135.7K
Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....
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Structure of Conjugated Dienes01:16

Structure of Conjugated Dienes

7.9K
Introduction
Conjugated dienes are compounds characterized by the presence of alternating double and single bonds. In a conjugated system like 1,3-butadiene, the unhybridized 2p orbital on each carbon overlaps continuously, allowing the π electrons to be delocalized across the entire molecule. In contrast, this type of overlap does not occur in cumulated and isolated dienes, such as 2,3-pentadiene and 1,4-pentadiene, respectively. Instead, the π electrons remain localized between the double...
7.9K
Fischer Projections02:18

Fischer Projections

16.9K
Learning to draw Fischer projections of molecules and understanding their relevance plays a crucial role in the visual depiction of organic molecules. A Fischer projection is a two-dimensional projection on a planar surface to simplify the three-dimensional wedge–dash representation of molecules. This is especially helpful in the case of molecules with multiple chiral centers that can be difficult to draw. Here, all the bonds of interest are represented as horizontal or vertical lines. While...
16.9K
Hydrolysis01:15

Hydrolysis

123.8K
Overview
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which the addition of water breaks down a polymer into its simpler monomer units. For example, peptides break into amino acids, carbohydrates into simple sugars, and DNA into nucleotides. Enzymes often facilitate these processes.
Hydrolysis Reverses Dehydration Synthesis
Complex carbohydrates can be broken down by breaking the bonds between individual sugar units. The reaction breaks a glycosidic bond as water is added to the compound. The...
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Microscopic Visualization of Porous Nanographenes Synthesized through a Combination of Solution and On-Surface Chemistry
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Structural Studies of Hydrographenes.

Elena Vishnyakova1, Gaowei Chen1, Bruce E Brinson1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and The Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005 United States.

Accounts of Chemical Research
|May 10, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers explored hydrographenes, a functionalized graphene, using Birch reduction. This process transforms graphene into an insulator, revealing potential for new applications in materials science.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • Graphene's unique properties drive scientific interest.
  • Exfoliating graphene from graphite is challenging due to strong van der Waals forces.
  • Lithium graphenide formation via electron transfer is a key exfoliation method.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate hydrographenes derived from various graphite types via Birch reduction.
  • Characterize the structure and properties of hydrographenes.
  • Explore the reversibility of graphene functionalization.

Main Methods:

  • Birch reduction for graphene functionalization.
  • Solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy for structural analysis.
  • High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) for morphological studies.

Main Results:

  • Hydrographenes exhibit isolated aromatic rings surrounded by saturated rings, not benzene clusters.
  • NMR confirmed residual solvents (tert-butyl alcohol, ethanol) within hydrographene layers.
  • HR-TEM showed morphological changes, including dislocations and increased layer spacing, especially in annealed graphite derivatives.
  • Repetitive hydrogenation increased graphitic layer spacing; heating reversed this, restoring graphite structure.

Conclusions:

  • Birch reduction provides a route to hydrographenes with distinct structural features.
  • Hydrographene formation is reversible, with heating restoring the graphite lattice.
  • The study highlights potential applications for functionalized graphene materials.