The role of diffusible molecules in regulating the cellular differentiation of Dictyostelium discoideum

A central problem in developmental biology is to understand how morphogenetic fields are created and how they act to direct regionalized cellular differentiation. This goal is being pursued in organisms as diverse as moulds, worms, flies, frogs and mice. Each organism has evolved its own solution to the challenge of multicellularity but there appear to be common underlying principles and, once pattern formation is fully understood in any system, some general truths seem certain to be revealed. As a non-obligate metazoan, Dictyostelium discoideum has proven a particularly tractable system in which to identify and characterize cellular morphogens. Cyclic AMP and ammonia stimulate prespore cell differentiation and ammonia plays an additional role in repressing terminal cellular differentiation. Differentiation Inducing Factor (DIF) acts to direct prestalk cell differentiation and adenosine may play a synergistic role in repressing prespore cell differentiation. This review summarizes the evidence for these interactions and describes a number of models which show how this small repertoire of diffusible molecules, acting in concert, may direct the formation of a differentiated structure.