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Updated: Mar 2, 2026

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Calcium Dynamics Mediated by the Endoplasmic/Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and Related Diseases
Florence N Reddish1, Cassandra L Miller2, Rakshya Gorkhali3
1Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics (CDT), Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA. freddish1@student.gsu.edu.
Abstract:
The flow of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) is critical for the activation and regulation of important biological events that are required in living organisms. As the major Ca2+ repositories inside the cell, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of muscle cells are central in maintaining and amplifying the intracellular Ca2+ signal. The morphology of these organelles, along with the distribution of key calcium-binding proteins (CaBPs), regulatory proteins, pumps, and receptors fundamentally impact the local and global differences in Ca2+ release kinetics. In this review, we will discuss the structural and morphological differences between the ER and SR and how they influence localized Ca2+ release, related diseases, and the need for targeted genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) to study these events.
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