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Related Concept Videos

Histology of the Small Intestine01:27

Histology of the Small Intestine

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The small intestine exhibits a unique histological structure that significantly enhances its function in digestion and nutrient absorption. These structures include circular folds, villi, and various specialized cells that collectively facilitate the digestion of food.
The intestinal lining features transverse folds called circular folds, each housing fingerlike projections known as intestinal villi. These villi are covered by a layer of simple columnar epithelium, also referred to as...
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Various diagnostic tests are employed in the diagnostic process for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), particularly to differentiate between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
Diagnostic studies
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Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
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Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells01:23

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The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the...
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Histology of the Large Intestine01:26

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The large intestine, a vital component of the gastrointestinal tract, is structured with four main layers: the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. Each layer performs a distinct role in facilitating the smooth functioning of the large intestine.
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Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
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Starved Guts: Morphologic and Functional Intestinal Changes in Malnutrition.

Suzanna Attia1, Marjon Feenstra, Nathan Swain

  • 1*Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition †Translational Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children ‡Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto §Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.

Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition
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Malnutrition causes significant intestinal changes, impacting child mortality. Understanding these gut alterations is crucial for developing new interventions to combat malnutrition

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Area of Science:

  • Nutritional Science
  • Gastroenterology
  • Pediatric Health

Background:

  • Malnutrition is a major global cause of death and illness, particularly in children under five.
  • Intestinal changes due to malnutrition are increasingly recognized as significant contributors to morbidity and mortality.
  • These gut alterations represent potential targets for therapeutic interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on intestinal changes associated with malnutrition.
  • To synthesize findings from both preclinical models and human studies.
  • To highlight the need for further mechanistic research.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of experimental and clinical studies on malnutrition and intestinal changes.
  • Analysis of data from animal models of malnutrition.
  • Examination of findings from clinical studies on malnourished children.

Main Results:

  • Clinical studies show villous blunting, intestinal inflammation, and microbiome alterations in malnourished children.
  • Experimental models reveal increased intestinal permeability, heightened inflammation, and goblet cell loss.
  • Evidence suggests malnutrition directly impacts intestinal structure and function.

Conclusions:

  • Malnutrition-induced intestinal dysfunction is a critical factor in negative clinical outcomes.
  • Further mechanistic studies are essential to understand these gut changes.
  • Identifying novel therapeutic targets for malnutrition-related intestinal dysfunction is a priority.