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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Related Experiment Video

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Advancements in the Metabolic Profiling of Three-Dimensional Brain Tumor Spheroids for Drug Screening
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Metabolic Reprogramming in Glioma.

Marie Strickland1, Elizabeth A Stoll1

  • 1Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon Tyne, UK.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|May 12, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Malignant glioma cells utilize diverse metabolic pathways beyond glucose, including amino acids and fatty acids, for energy and biosynthesis. These metabolic strategies are intricately linked to oncogenic signaling, driving tumor progression and survival.

Keywords:
autophagybiosynthesisbrain tumorscancercatabolismgliomametabolismmitochondria

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cancer Metabolism
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Malignant glioma, a common brain tumor, exhibits complex metabolic reprogramming.
  • While the Warburg Effect (glucose metabolism) is recognized, other substrates like amino acids and fatty acids are crucial for glioma.
  • Metabolic pathways are interconnected with anabolic processes and oncogenic signaling pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the metabolic strategies of malignant glioma cells.
  • To highlight the links between bio-energetic pathways and oncogenic signals in glioma.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of metabolic pathways in glioma.
  • Analysis of the interplay between catabolic and anabolic pathways.
  • Examination of signaling pathways (AMPK, mTOR, HIFs) and their metabolic links.
  • Inclusion of genetic factors (p53, IDH mutations) influencing glioma metabolism.

Main Results:

  • Glioma cells employ aerobic glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, one-carbon metabolism, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and fatty acid metabolism.
  • These pathways provide energy and building blocks for cell growth and survival.
  • Bio-energetic pathways are closely integrated with pro-oncogenic signaling, contributing to a malignant phenotype.

Conclusions:

  • Malignant glioma exhibits a multifaceted metabolic landscape essential for its aggressive nature.
  • Understanding these metabolic adaptations and their links to oncogenic signaling is critical for developing targeted therapies.