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A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant temperature is called an isothermal process. Heat slowly flows into the system or out of the system to maintain thermal equilibrium. Processes involving phase changes like water evaporation into steam or freezing water into ice at a constant temperature are examples of Isothermal Processes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Data Processing Methods for 3D Seismic Imaging of Subsurface Volcanoes: Applications to the Tarim Flood Basalt
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Multi-phase volcanic resurfacing at Loki Patera on Io.

K de Kleer1, M Skrutskie2, J Leisenring3

  • 1Department of Astronomy, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.

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The Loki Patera on Jupiter's moon Io is resurfaced by a multi-phase process involving two waves. This volcanic activity reveals non-uniform lava gas content and crustal density across the patera.

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Area of Science:

  • Planetary Science
  • Volcanology
  • Geophysics

Background:

  • Loki Patera on Jupiter's moon Io is the most powerful persistently active volcano in the Solar System.
  • Previous observations suggested resurfacing every 1-3 years, progressing anti-clockwise, but lacked sufficient resolution to determine the exact process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To map the thermal emission and lava cooling age of the entire Loki Patera floor.
  • To establish the physical processes responsible for the resurfacing of Loki Patera.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized ground-based interferometric imaging of thermal emission from Loki Patera.
  • Obtained data on March 8, 2015, during a Europa occultation of Io.
  • Achieved a spatial sampling of approximately two kilometers across the patera floor.

Main Results:

  • Generated temperature and lava cooling age maps for the entire patera floor.
  • Identified a multi-phase resurfacing process involving two distinct waves propagating and converging around the central island.
  • Observed variations in wave velocities and start times, indicating non-uniformity in lava gas content and/or crustal bulk density.

Conclusions:

  • The resurfacing of Loki Patera is a complex, multi-phase process, not a simple unidirectional flow.
  • Inferred heterogeneity in the subsurface properties of Loki Patera based on the observed wave dynamics.
  • This study provides unprecedented detail on the volcanic processes shaping this extreme Jovian environment.