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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Subclinical Diabetes.

Luís M T R Lima1

  • 1School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

Anais Da Academia Brasileira De Ciencias
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Early detection of subclinical type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is crucial. Routine fasting plasma insulin tests can identify insulin resistance in normoglycemic individuals, enabling timely lifestyle interventions and reducing healthcare costs.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Diseases
  • Preventive Medicine

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevalence is rising globally.
  • Current diagnostic markers (fasting glycemia, 2h glycemia, HbA1c) are late indicators, often identified after complications arise.
  • Subclinical diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, occurs in normoglycemic individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current diagnostic criteria for T2DM, disease onset, complications, and lifestyle interventions.
  • To propose an early detection method for subclinical diabetes.
  • To highlight the need for identifying individuals at high risk for T2DM and its complications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing scientific evidence on T2DM diagnosis and pathophysiology.
  • Analysis of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in normoglycemic subjects.
  • Proposal for utilizing fasting plasma insulin for early detection.

Main Results:

  • Current diagnostic markers for T2DM are often identified late, coinciding with complications.
  • Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia are present in normoglycemic individuals, indicating subclinical diabetes.
  • Fasting plasma insulin can be reliably computed in normoglycemia.

Conclusions:

  • Early identification of individuals at risk for T2DM is essential for effective prevention.
  • Routine measurement of fasting plasma insulin offers an affordable and robust method for detecting subclinical diabetes.
  • This approach can facilitate timely lifestyle interventions, mitigate complications, and reduce healthcare burden.