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Related Concept Videos

Subcellular Fractionation01:32

Subcellular Fractionation

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The homogenate obtained after cell lysis contains various membrane-bound organelles that can be further separated into pure fractions by subcellular fractionation. These isolates are used to study specific cellular components, analyze localized protein activity, and are even employed in diagnostics. Fractionation is typically achieved using centrifugation methods, the most common being density-gradient and differential centrifugation.
Differential Centrifugation
Differential centrifugation is...
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Proteomics01:33

Proteomics

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A proteome is the entire set of proteins that a cell type produces. We can study proteomes using the knowledge of genomes because genes code for mRNAs, and the mRNAs encode proteins. Although mRNA analysis is a step in the right direction, not all mRNAs are translated into proteins.
Proteomics is the study of proteomes' function. It involves the large-scale systematic study of the proteome to denote the protein complement expressed by a genome. Scientist Mark Wilkins coined the term...
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Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

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The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at...
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The Endoplasmic Reticulum01:43

The Endoplasmic Reticulum

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The endoplasmic reticulum or ER makes up for more than half of the membranes in a cell and accounts for 10% of total cell volume. It is also the primary protein and lipid synthesis factory for most cell organelles, such as the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and the plasma membrane. Despite being the most extensive and functionally complex subcellular organelle, ER was the last to be discovered. After years of deliberation, Keith Porter and George Palade in the year 1954,...
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Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane01:28

Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane

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The translocon complex situated on the ER membrane is the main gateway for the protein secretory pathway. It facilitates the transport of nascent peptides into the ER lumen and their insertion into the ER membrane.
Sec61 protein conducting channel
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Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport01:45

Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport

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Eukaryotic cells have different membrane-bound organelles with distinct protein requirements. The process by which proteins are targeted to a specific organelle is called protein sorting.
Protein sorting can be of two types: signal-based sorting and vesicle-based trafficking. In signal-based sorting, specific amino acid sequences called sorting signals target proteins to the proper location inside the cell either via gated transport or by protein translocation.  In gated transport, folded...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Enriching Subcellular Proteins in Leptospira Using a Triton X-114-Based Fractionation Approach
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A subcellular map of the human proteome.

Peter J Thul1, Lovisa Åkesson1, Mikaela Wiking1

  • 1Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-171 21 Stockholm, Sweden.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|May 13, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Scientists created a Cell Atlas, mapping 12,003 human proteins to subcellular locations. This resource reveals protein variations within single cells and aids in understanding cell architecture and disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Proteomics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Understanding human biology and disease requires detailed knowledge of protein localization within cells.
  • Current knowledge of subcellular protein distribution is incomplete.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create a comprehensive, image-based map of subcellular protein distribution in human cells.
  • To define the proteomes of major organelles and identify single-cell variations.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of transcriptomics, immunofluorescence microscopy, and mass spectrometry.
  • Mapping the in situ localization of 12,003 human proteins to 30 subcellular structures.

Main Results:

  • Developed the Cell Atlas, a detailed map of subcellular protein localization.
  • Defined proteomes for 13 major organelles.
  • Identified single-cell variations in protein abundance, spatial distribution, and multi-compartment localization for approximately half of the mapped proteins.

Conclusions:

  • The Cell Atlas provides a valuable resource for refining protein-protein interaction networks.
  • This map aids in deconvoluting the complex architecture of the human cell.
  • Facilitates deeper understanding of human biology and disease mechanisms.