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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the same genes, there is a small fraction that is slightly different amongst people. A gene with a small difference in its sequence of DNA bases forms different alleles, contributing to different phenotypes.
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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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The evolution of gene regulation.

Veronica Hinman1, Gregory Cary1

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, United States.

Elife
|May 13, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Gene regulation mechanisms crucial for complex animal development were discovered in sponges. This finding suggests ancient origins for key developmental processes in multicellular life.

Keywords:
A. queenslandicacis-regulationdevelopmental biologyenhancersevolution of multicellularityevolutionary biologygene expressiongenomicshistone modificationsstem cells

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary developmental biology
  • Genomics
  • Animal development

Background:

  • Multicellularity requires sophisticated gene regulation.
  • The evolutionary origins of complex gene regulatory networks are debated.
  • Sponges represent early diverging animals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence of complex gene regulatory mechanisms in sponges.
  • To understand the evolutionary history of gene regulation in animals.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomics analysis
  • Transcriptomic profiling of sponge development
  • Bioinformatic analysis of gene regulatory elements

Main Results:

  • Sponges possess gene regulatory mechanisms previously thought unique to complex bilaterians.
  • Key developmental genes show conserved regulatory patterns.
  • Evidence suggests an ancient origin for complex gene control.

Conclusions:

  • The genetic toolkit for complex animal development is older than previously assumed.
  • Sponges provide insights into the early evolution of multicellularity and gene regulation.
  • Fundamental gene regulatory principles emerged before the advent of complex body plans.