Adsorption of cations to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate

We investigated the binding of physiologically and pharmacologically relevant ions to the phosphoinositides by making 31P NMR, electrophoretic mobility, surface potential, and calcium activity measurements. We studied the binding of protons to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) by measuring the effect of pH on the chemical shifts of the 31P NMR signals from the two monoester phosphate groups of PIP2. We studied the binding of potassium, calcium, magnesium, spermine, and gentamicin ions to the phosphoinositides by measuring the effect of these cations on the electrophoretic mobility of multilamellar vesicles formed from mixtures of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and either phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, or PIP2; the adsorption of these cations depends on the surface potential of the membrane and can be described qualitatively by combining the Gouy-Chapman theory with Langmuir adsorption isotherms. Monovalent anionic phospholipids, such as phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol, produce a negative electrostatic potential at the cytoplasmic surface of plasma membranes of erythrocytes, platelets, and other cells. When the electrostatic potential at the surface of a PC/PIP2 bilayer membrane is -30 mV and the aqueous phase contains 0.1 M KCl at pH 7.0, PIP2 binds about one hydrogen and one potassium ion and has a net charge of about -3. Our mobility, surface potential, and electrode measurements suggest that a negligible fraction of the PIP2 molecules in a cell bind calcium ions, but a significant fraction may bind magnesium and spermine ions.