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Related Concept Videos

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Bone Disorders01:29

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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The Bone Matrix01:18

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Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in...
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Using Real-Time Cell Metabolic Flux Analyzer to Monitor Osteoblast Bioenergetics
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Circulating markers of bone turnover.

Marc G Vervloet1, Vincent M Brandenburg2,

  • 1Department of Nephrology and Institute of Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. m.vervloet@vumc.nl.

Journal of Nephrology
|May 15, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Renal osteodystrophy, a complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), impacts bone health. Current biomarkers primarily reflect bone turnover, limiting assessment of bone quality in CKD patients.

Keywords:
BiomarkersBone turnoverCKD-MBDChronic kidney disease

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Endocrinology
  • Bone Metabolism

Background:

  • Renal osteodystrophy is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), increasing with disease progression.
  • This condition leads to significant morbidity, including fractures and reduced quality of life.
  • Existing biomarkers for renal osteodystrophy mainly assess bone turnover, not crucial bone characteristics like volume, mineralization, quality, or strength.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the utility and limitations of commonly used bone turnover biomarkers in the context of CKD.
  • To highlight the challenges in interpreting these biomarkers due to altered clearance and metabolism in CKD patients.
  • To emphasize the need for biomarkers that provide a more comprehensive assessment of bone health in CKD.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on bone turnover biomarkers.
  • Analysis of biomarker performance in the specific context of chronic kidney disease.
  • Discussion of the impact of CKD on biomarker clearance and metabolism.

Main Results:

  • Circulating biomarkers primarily reflect osteoblast and osteoclast activity (bone turnover).
  • These biomarkers do not adequately capture other essential bone properties such as volume, mineralization, quality, or strength.
  • Altered biomarker metabolism and clearance in CKD can limit their clinical applicability.

Conclusions:

  • Current bone turnover biomarkers are valuable for assessing cellular activity but insufficient for a complete evaluation of bone disease in CKD.
  • Understanding the limitations imposed by CKD on biomarker interpretation is crucial for effective clinical decision-making.
  • Further research is needed to develop and validate biomarkers that provide a more holistic assessment of bone status in CKD.