Diagnosis and treatment of paediatric tuberculosis: An insight review

Area of Science:

• Pediatrics
• Infectious Diseases
• Public Health

Background:

• Tuberculosis (TB) is a worldwide public health concern affecting all age groups, often as an opportunistic infection.
• Childhood TB, comprising over 20% of TB incidence, is a neglected area with both pulmonary and extra-pulmonary manifestations.
• Factors like poverty, social disruption, and HIV co-infection are associated with increased TB infection rates, complicating diagnosis and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide an evidence-based review of simple, safe, and accurate screening and diagnostic methods for pediatric tuberculosis (TB).
• To guide clinicians and researchers on early diagnosis and accurate treatment of pulmonary and extra-pulmonary TB in children.
• To serve as a quick reference for healthcare professionals dealing with childhood TB.

Main Methods:

• Review of evidence-based screening and diagnostic tests for pediatric TB.
• Focus on rapid, highly sensitive, and specific diagnostic approaches for both pulmonary TB (PTB) and extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB).
• Emphasis on the critical role of correct anti-tubercular drug regimens in treatment.

Main Results:

• Childhood TB is a significant problem, with extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB) being particularly challenging to diagnose.
• Delayed diagnosis and treatment initiation increase mortality rates in endemic regions.
• The review identifies effective diagnostic strategies for pediatric TB.

Conclusions:

• Early and accurate diagnosis of pediatric TB is crucial for reducing mortality.
• Implementing simple, safe, and rapid diagnostic tests can significantly improve outcomes for children with TB.
• Comprehensive management, including appropriate drug therapy, is essential for effective pediatric TB control.