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GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Extracellular Multi-Unit Recording from the Olfactory Nerve of Teleosts
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An Adenosine Receptor for Olfaction in Fish.

Noriko Wakisaka1, Nobuhiko Miyasaka2, Tetsuya Koide2

  • 1Laboratory for Neurobiology of Synapse, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; RIKEN BSI-KAO Collaboration Center, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.

Current Biology : CB
|May 16, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Fish detect food-derived ATP using a novel enzyme-linked olfactory receptor mechanism. This discovery reveals how aquatic vertebrates sense attractive food odorants, linking olfaction to foraging behavior.

Keywords:
ATPadenosine receptoraquatic vertebratesattractionecto-nucleotidasefood searchingolfactionzebrafish

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Sensory Biology
  • Ichthyology

Background:

  • Nucleotides from food are recognized as feeding cues for fish in aquatic environments.
  • The precise mechanisms by which fish detect these nucleotides remain largely unelucidated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To uncover the olfactory mechanism enabling sensitive detection of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in zebrafish.
  • To identify the specific receptors and neural pathways involved in ATP detection.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated enzymatic conversion of ATP to adenosine in the zebrafish olfactory epithelium.
  • Identified a novel adenosine receptor (A2c) in olfactory sensory neurons.
  • Traced neural signal transmission from the olfactory bulb to higher olfactory centers.

Main Results:

  • ATP is enzymatically converted to adenosine within the fish nostril by ecto-nucleotidases.
  • Adenosine activates a specific subset of olfactory sensory neurons expressing the novel fish- and amphibian-specific A2c receptor.
  • Neural signals are relayed to a single glomerulus and subsequently to four higher olfactory centers.

Conclusions:

  • A sophisticated enzyme-linked receptor system facilitates the detection of ATP as a food attractant in zebrafish.
  • This mechanism is crucial for linking olfactory cues to foraging behavior in aquatic vertebrates.
  • The identified adenosine receptor A2c represents a key component in fish olfaction.