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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease
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Intravenous olfactory test latency correlates with improvement in post-infectious olfactory dysfunction.

Kyohei Horikiri1,2, Shu Kikuta1, Kaori Kanaya1

  • 1a Department of Otolaryngology , Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo , Japan.

Acta Oto-Laryngologica
|May 16, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Onset latency in the intravenous olfactory test (IVO) can predict olfactory improvement in patients with post-infectious olfactory dysfunction (PIOD). This finding aids in forecasting recovery timelines for smell disorders.

Keywords:
Olfactory disorderT&T olfactory testonset latencypost-infectious olfactory disorderprognosis

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Neurology
  • Clinical Research

Background:

  • Post-infectious olfactory dysfunction (PIOD) presents a significant challenge in predicting recovery.
  • Identifying reliable prognostic factors is crucial for managing patient expectations and treatment strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine predictors for the olfactory improvement period in patients diagnosed with PIOD.
  • To evaluate the utility of demographic, clinical, and olfactory test parameters in forecasting recovery.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study of 187 PIOD patients (1994-2014) with 2-year follow-up.
  • Analysis of demographic/clinical factors and olfactory test results (intravenous olfactory test [IVO], T&T olfactory test).
  • Univariate and multivariate regression models used to assess predictive ability for olfactory improvement period.

Main Results:

  • Demographic and clinical factors did not significantly predict olfactory improvement.
  • In patients undergoing the IVO test, onset latency emerged as a significant prognosticator (R²=0.24, p=0.003).
  • Other IVO test parameters and T&T olfactory test scores did not show prognostic value.

Conclusions:

  • Onset latency in the IVO test is a valuable predictor of olfactory recovery in PIOD patients.
  • This finding can assist clinicians in providing more accurate prognoses for olfactory dysfunction recovery.