Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Non-equilibrium in the Cell01:16

Non-equilibrium in the Cell

5.5K
An important concept in studying metabolism and energy is that of chemical equilibrium. Most chemical reactions are reversible. They can proceed in both directions, releasing energy into their environment in one direction, and absorbing it from the environment in the other direction. The same is true for the chemical reactions involved in cell metabolism, such as the breaking down and building up of proteins into and from individual amino acids, respectively. Reactants within a closed system...
5.5K
Free Energy Changes for Nonstandard States03:25

Free Energy Changes for Nonstandard States

13.7K
The free energy change for a process taking place with reactants and products present under nonstandard conditions (pressures other than 1 bar; concentrations other than 1 M) is related to the standard free energy change according to this equation:
13.7K
Energy Diagrams - II01:10

Energy Diagrams - II

14.1K
Energy diagrams are important to understand the dynamics of a system. The topology of an energy diagram helps illustrate the equilibrium points of the system.
The point in the energy diagram at which the system’s potential energy is the lowest is known as the local minima. The system tends to stay in this position indefinitely unless acted upon by a net force. The slope of the potential energy diagram at the local minima is zero, indicating that zero net force is acting on the system. The...
14.1K
Potential-Energy Criterion for Equilibrium01:16

Potential-Energy Criterion for Equilibrium

977
Potential energy or potential function plays an essential role in determining the stability of a mechanical system. If a system is subjected to both gravitational and elastic forces, the potential function of the system can be expressed as the algebraic sum of gravitational and elastic potential energy. If the system is in equilibrium and is displaced by a small amount, then the work done on the system equals the negative of the change in the system's potential energy from the initial to the...
977
The Nernst Equation02:59

The Nernst Equation

47.9K
Nonstandard Reaction Conditions
The interconnection between standard cell potentials and various thermodynamic parameters such as the standard free energy change ΔG° and equilibrium constant K has been previously explored. For example, a redox reaction involving zinc(II) and tin(II) ions at 1 M concentration with Eºcell = +0.291 V and ΔG° = −56.2 kJ is spontaneous.
47.9K
Free Energy and Equilibrium02:56

Free Energy and Equilibrium

27.6K
The free energy change for a process may be viewed as a measure of its driving force. A negative value for ΔG represents a driving force for the process in the forward direction, while a positive value represents a driving force for the process in the reverse direction. When ΔGrxn is zero, the forward and reverse driving forces are equal, and the process occurs in both directions at the same rate (the system is at equilibrium).
Recall that Q is the numerical value of the mass action...
27.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Cooperative antibiotic response in coupled biofilm and planktonic <i>E. faecalis</i> communities.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Intrinsically Quantum Effects of Axion Dark Matter Are Undetectable.

Physical review letters·2026
Same author

Viral vector-free generation of orthogonal IL-2-responsive CAR T cells through gene editing of IL-2 and its receptor.

Blood immunology & cellular therapy·2026
Same author

4K density: Adjusting the 4Kscore for prostate volume to improve risk stratification of clinically significant prostate cancer in men undergoing prostate biopsy.

Prostate cancer and prostatic diseases·2025
Same author

BMX "Sidecar": Case series of novel intravascular catheter arrangement for treatment of cerebral aneurysms and shunting lesions.

Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia·2025
Same author

Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Cirrhosis: An Underrecognized Fungal Infection in a Vulnerable Host.

Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Unraveling Entropic Rate Acceleration Induced by Solvent Dynamics in Membrane Enzymes
09:42

Unraveling Entropic Rate Acceleration Induced by Solvent Dynamics in Membrane Enzymes

Published on: January 16, 2016

9.4K

Minimum energetic cost to maintain a target nonequilibrium state.

Jordan M Horowitz1, Kevin Zhou1, Jeremy L England1

  • 1Physics of Living Systems Group, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

Physical Review. E
|May 17, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Maintaining a system away from equilibrium requires energy input. This study calculates the minimum energy needed to sustain a specific nonequilibrium distribution, influenced by equilibrium dynamics and the deviation from thermal equilibrium. These findings have implications for biological processes.

More Related Videos

Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry
07:17

Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry

Published on: August 1, 2017

13.2K
An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
11:03

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

Published on: December 4, 2017

9.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Unraveling Entropic Rate Acceleration Induced by Solvent Dynamics in Membrane Enzymes
09:42

Unraveling Entropic Rate Acceleration Induced by Solvent Dynamics in Membrane Enzymes

Published on: January 16, 2016

9.4K
Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry
07:17

Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry

Published on: August 1, 2017

13.2K
An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
11:03

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

Published on: December 4, 2017

9.1K

Area of Science:

  • * Statistical mechanics
  • * Biophysics
  • * Nonequilibrium thermodynamics

Background:

  • * Systems naturally tend towards thermal equilibrium when unperturbed.
  • * Continuous energy input can maintain systems in a nonequilibrium steady state.
  • * Understanding these states is crucial for biological functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To compute the minimum energy dissipation rate for maintaining arbitrary nonequilibrium distributions.
  • * To identify factors governing the energetic cost of nonequilibrium states.
  • * To explore implications for biological energy costs.

Main Methods:

  • * Employed stochastic thermodynamics of Markov jump processes.
  • * Calculated the lower bound for energy supply and dissipation.
  • * Analyzed dependence on equilibrium probability current and distance from equilibrium.

Main Results:

  • * Derived a formula for the minimum energy cost to maintain nonequilibrium distributions.
  • * Identified the equilibrium probability current and deviation from equilibrium as key factors.
  • * Demonstrated the formula's application in simple model systems.

Conclusions:

  • * The energetic cost of maintaining nonequilibrium states is quantifiable.
  • * This cost is directly related to the system's inherent dynamics and its distance from equilibrium.
  • * Findings provide insights into the energy requirements for biological processes like macromolecular repair and protein localization.