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Bile01:19

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Bile is a crucial bodily fluid, characterized by its yellow-green color and alkaline nature. Produced in the liver, it is transported through the common hepatic duct into either the cystic duct, leading to the gallbladder, or directly into the common bile duct. The flow of bile is regulated by the sphincter of Oddi located at the entrance of the duodenum. When this sphincter is closed, bile is redirected to the gallbladder for storage and concentration.
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Hepatic Drug Excretion: Influencing Factors01:16

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Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
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Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism01:28

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Lipids also are sources of energy that power cellular processes. Like carbohydrates, lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but these atoms are arranged differently. Most lipids are nonpolar and hydrophobic. Major types include fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.
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Lipids are large molecules that are generally not water-soluble. Since most of the digestive enzymes in the human body are water-based, there are specific steps the body must take to break down lipids and make them available for use.
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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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The Use of Gas Chromatography to Analyze Compositional Changes of Fatty Acids in Rat Liver Tissue during Pregnancy
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Bile acids and gestation.

Saraid McIlvride1, Peter H Dixon1, Catherine Williamson1

  • 1Division of Women's Health, King's College London, Guy's Campus, Hodgkin Building, SE1 1UL, London, United Kingdom.

Molecular Aspects of Medicine
|May 17, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Pregnancy involves significant maternal metabolic shifts, including changes in bile acids, which are crucial for regulating metabolism. Alterations in bile acid homeostasis during pregnancy can lead to intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.

Keywords:
Bile acidsFetusIntrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancyMetabolismPlacentaPregnancy

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolism

Background:

  • Pregnancy induces profound physiological changes, including hormonal shifts and metabolic adaptations like hyperlipidemia, hypercholanemia, and insulin resistance.
  • Bile acids are key metabolic regulators, and their role in pregnancy-related metabolic changes is increasingly recognized.
  • The nuclear receptor FXR tightly regulates bile acid homeostasis but shows reduced activity during pregnancy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the alterations in bile acid homeostasis during normal pregnancy.
  • To explore how these gestational changes in bile acid metabolism can become pathological, leading to intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.
  • To examine the role of bile acids in the feto-placental unit and maternal metabolic health.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on maternal physiological changes during pregnancy.
  • Analysis of research on bile acid metabolism and regulation by FXR.
  • Synthesis of findings on the link between bile acid homeostasis and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.

Main Results:

  • Normal pregnancy is characterized by significant gestational alterations in bile acid homeostasis.
  • Reduced FXR activity during pregnancy contributes to altered bile acid profiles.
  • These alterations can predispose some women to intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.

Conclusions:

  • Bile acid metabolism undergoes significant, regulated changes during pregnancy to support fetal development and maternal health.
  • Dysregulation of bile acid homeostasis in pregnancy is linked to pathological conditions like intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for managing maternal metabolic health and pregnancy complications.