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Related Concept Videos

Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Components of Language01:24

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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
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Conjugate Addition (1,4-Addition) vs Direct Addition (1,2-Addition)01:27

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α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds with two electrophilic sites, the carbonyl carbon, and the β carbon, are susceptible to nucleophilic attack via two modes: conjugate or 1,4-addition and direct or 1,2-addition.
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Complementation Tests00:49

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A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
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Native and Non-native Speakers' Brain Responses to Filled Indirect Object Gaps.

Anna Jessen1, Julia Festman1, Oliver Boxell1

  • 1Potsdam Research Institute for Multilingualism, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.

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Native and non-native English speakers process indirect object dependencies differently. Non-native speakers show prolonged activation, indicating greater processing costs in sentence comprehension.

Keywords:
ERPsFilled gapsSentence processingWh-movement

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Neuroscience of Language
  • Second Language Acquisition

Background:

  • Understanding how the brain processes grammatical dependencies is crucial for psycholinguistics.
  • Investigating sentence comprehension in non-native speakers sheds light on language processing mechanisms and potential differences from native speakers.
  • Indirect object dependencies present a complex syntactic structure that can reveal nuances in language processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural correlates of processing indirect object wh-dependencies in both native and non-native English speakers.
  • To compare the sentence comprehension strategies employed by native English speakers and proficient non-native (German-speaking) English speakers.
  • To identify event-related potential (ERP) differences associated with linking fronted indirect objects and resolving filled gaps.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a filled-gap paradigm to examine the processing of indirect object wh-dependencies.
  • Recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) from native English speakers and proficient non-native German-speaking English speakers.
  • Analyzed ERP components such as the N400, left-anterior negativity (LAN), and P600 to infer processing stages.

Main Results:

  • Both groups exhibited an N400 component, suggesting successful linking of fronted indirect objects to the verb.
  • Non-native speakers displayed a prolonged left-anterior negativity (LAN), indicating continued filler activation beyond the verb.
  • Both groups showed a P600 response to filled indirect object gaps, with this effect being more pronounced in non-native speakers.

Conclusions:

  • Sentence comprehension involving indirect object dependencies is a two-step process for both native and non-native speakers.
  • Non-native English speakers incur greater processing costs compared to native speakers when resolving these dependencies.
  • ERP data reveal distinct neural signatures for late-stage processing in non-native language comprehension.