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Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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Polymeric carriers enhance targeted drug delivery by increasing efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. These carriers comprise a biodegradable polymeric backbone integrated with functional elements that enable targeting, improve physicochemical properties, and regulate drug release.Targeting MechanismsThe targeting ability of polymeric carriers is mediated by a homing device, which is a molecular recognition component designed to selectively bind to specific tissues or cells. Monoclonal...
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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Rate-programmed drug delivery systems (DDS) are designed to release drugs at specific, controlled rates to maintain consistent therapeutic levels. These systems are categorized based on their release mechanisms, including dissolution-controlled DDS, diffusion-controlled DDS, and combined dissolution-diffusion-controlled DDS.In dissolution-controlled DDS, the release rate depends on the slow dissolution of the drug itself or the surrounding matrix. Drugs with inherently slow dissolution rates,...
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Polymers02:34

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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End Functionalized Nonionic Water-Dispersible Conjugated Polymers.

Ruoyu Zhan1, Bin Liu2,3

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|May 17, 2017
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Synthesized water-dispersible polymers exhibit tunable properties based on oligo(ethylene glycol) side chain density. Higher density enhances dispersibility and fluorescence, enabling specific biomolecular interactions for potential bio-imaging applications.

Keywords:
conjugated polymersend-functionalizationnonionicwater soluble

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Microwave-assisted Functionalization of Polyethylene glycol and On-resin Peptides for Use in Chain Polymerizations and Hydrogel Formation
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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Bioconjugation Chemistry

Background:

  • Development of water-dispersible conjugated polymers is crucial for biological applications.
  • Fluorescent polymers require precise control over solubility and functionalization.
  • Oligo(ethylene glycol) side chains can impart water solubility and biocompatibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize novel nonionic, water-dispersible poly(fluorene-alt-1,4-divinylenephenylene)s.
  • To investigate the effect of oligo(ethylene glycol) side chain density on polymer properties.
  • To explore the potential of these polymers in bio-applications through functionalization.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of 2,7-Dibromofluorene monomers with varying oligo(ethylene glycol) side chains.
  • Heck coupling polymerization with 1,4-divinylbenzene and amine-terminated end-capping.
  • Characterization of water dispersibility, quantum yield, and spectral properties.
  • Bioconjugation with biotin for streptavidin interaction studies.

Main Results:

  • Two polymers (P1, P2) with different oligo(ethylene glycol) densities were synthesized.
  • P2 (higher OEG density) showed excellent water dispersibility (quantum yield 0.45) compared to P1 (quantum yield 0.24).
  • Polymers exhibited fluorescence enhancement with surfactants and resistance to ionic strength.
  • Biotinylated polymers specifically interacted with streptavidin.

Conclusions:

  • Oligo(ethylene glycol) side chain density is a key factor in achieving water dispersibility and high fluorescence quantum yield in conjugated polymers.
  • The synthesized polymers demonstrate potential for sensitive bio-detection and imaging applications.
  • The tunable nature and specific biomolecular interaction capabilities highlight their versatility in advanced materials science.