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Related Concept Videos

Volatilization01:10

Volatilization

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Volatilization gravimetry is an analytical technique that measures the mass lost due to the volatilization of the substance. This technique is used to estimate the amount of volatile material in a sample. To perform this method, heat a known amount of the sample to a high temperature in a crucible or other suitable vessel. The volatile substance in the sample evaporates, and the vapor is completely expelled from the crucible either by heating the sample or bubbling a stream of inert gas through...
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the...
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Vaporization01:18

Vaporization

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The physical form of a substance changes by changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. For vaporization to occur, kinetic energy must be greater than the intermolecular forces that keep molecules bonded. The amount of energy needed to vaporize a quantity of liquid at a given pressure and a constant temperature is called the heat of vaporization. When...
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Quantitative analysis of smokeless powder particles in post-blast debris via gas chromatography/vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy (GC/VUV).

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Optimization of total vaporization solid-phase microextraction (TV-SPME) for the determination of lipid profiles of Phormia regina, a forensically important blow fly species.

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Optimisation of recovery protocols for double-base smokeless powder residues analysed by total vaporisation (TV) SPME/GC-MS.

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Updated: Mar 2, 2026

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Paired with Total Vaporization Solid-Phase Microextraction as a Forensic Tool
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Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Paired with Total Vaporization Solid-Phase Microextraction as a Forensic Tool

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Mapping smokeless powder residue on PVC pipe bomb fragments using total vaporization solid phase microextraction.

Dana Bors1, John Goodpaster1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Forensic and Investigative Sciences Program, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States.

Forensic Science International
|May 17, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Quantifying explosive residue from pipe bombs using TV-SPME/GC/MS is feasible. Residues, primarily nitroglycerin, concentrated on end caps, guiding future forensic sample collection and method development.

Keywords:
ExplosivesForensic sciencePipe bombSPME

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Chemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Explosives Analysis

Background:

  • Quantifying post-blast explosive residue is uncommon in crime labs due to perceived lack of legal relevance.
  • However, residue distribution data can inform future sample collection strategies and analytical method development for improvised explosive devices (IEDs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a quantitative analytical method for residues of double-base smokeless powder (DBSP) on post-blast pipe bomb fragments.
  • To investigate the distribution patterns of DBSP residues (nitroglycerin, diphenylamine, ethyl centralite) on fragmented PVC pipe bombs.

Main Methods:

  • Total vaporization solid phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TV-SPME/GC/MS) was employed.
  • The method was optimized for high throughput (separation < 5 min) and high sensitivity (detection limit < 1 ppb).
  • Quantification focused on nitroglycerin (NG) as the most indicative DBSP marker.

Main Results:

  • The analytical method successfully quantified NG, diphenylamine (DPA), and ethyl centralite (EC) on post-blast PVC pipe bomb fragments.
  • Average NG recovered per device was 1.0 mg, with DPA averaging 24 μg; EC was detected infrequently.
  • Typical NG concentration on fragments was 15-30 ppm, with no correlation to fragment mass.
  • Residue concentration was highest on end cap fragments, indicating specific distribution patterns.

Conclusions:

  • TV-SPME/GC/MS provides a sensitive and rapid method for quantifying DBSP residues in post-blast investigations.
  • Residue distribution analysis, particularly the concentration on end caps, offers valuable insights for forensic investigations and method optimization.
  • This quantitative approach enhances the potential legal relevance of explosive residue analysis in IED cases.