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Related Concept Videos

Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

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A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

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Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!
Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are unequally shared....
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Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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IR Spectrum Peak Broadening: Hydrogen Bonding01:23

IR Spectrum Peak Broadening: Hydrogen Bonding

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The vibrational frequency of a bond is directly proportional to its bond strength. As a result, stronger bonds vibrate at higher frequencies, while weaker bonds vibrate at lower frequencies. The stretching vibration of the strong O–H bond in alcohols and phenols (very dilute solution or gas phase) appears as a sharp peak at 3600–3650 cm−1.
However, the extent of hydrogen bonding influences the observed stretching frequency and band broadening. Intermolecular or intramolecular...
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Molecular Shape and Polarity03:37

Molecular Shape and Polarity

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Dipole Moment of a Molecule
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Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

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Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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Phonon-like Hydrogen-Bond Modes in Protic Ionic Liquids.

Judith Reichenbach1, Stuart A Ruddell1, Mario González-Jiménez1

  • 1School of Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.

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|May 18, 2017
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Summary

Far-infrared and ultrafast optical Kerr effect spectroscopies reveal phonon modes in ionic liquids. These findings highlight similarities to liquid water and necessitate reinterpreting ionic liquid spectra.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Gigahertz- to terahertz-frequency infrared and Raman spectra offer insights into ionic liquid (IL) properties.
  • Complex spectral contributions from diffusional, librational, and vibrational modes complicate analysis of IL interactions like Coulombic and hydrogen bonding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To isolate and identify specific spectral signals in ionic liquids.
  • To investigate the role of ion symmetry in spectral analysis.
  • To compare the dynamics of protic ionic liquids with liquid water.

Main Methods:

  • Application of far-infrared spectroscopy.
  • Utilized ultrafast optical Kerr effect spectroscopy.
  • Studied ions with varying degrees of symmetry to isolate spectral features.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the presence of longitudinal and transverse optical phonon modes in ionic liquids.
  • Identified significant similarities between alkylammonium-based protic ionic liquids and liquid water.
  • Confirmed the universal presence of phonon modes across all studied ionic liquids.

Conclusions:

  • Phonon modes are a ubiquitous feature in ionic liquid spectra.
  • The presence of these modes requires a reevaluation of how ionic liquid spectra are interpreted.
  • Ionic liquids share dynamic characteristics with liquid water, particularly alkylammonium-based protic ionic liquids.